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You don't have to divide the stoke between the two of you!11leadership, Case study, page 1 1 1Other members o f the board (not presenting)1As one group, discuss the three strategies. What are the advantages anddisadvantages of each one? Which will be a) the most risky, b) the most expensive?2 Prepare some questions to ask after you have heard each presentation by thethree d irectors.12Competition, Case study, page 1 1 9Supplier 2You represent Pacific Traders. These are the terms you can offer.••••Delivery: by sea; 3,000 necklaces and bracelets within 30 days of receipt of order;2,000 necklaces and bracelets by 15 November; earrings should be available by theend of November.Trade discount of 5% off list pricesReturned goods: no returns unless the goods are faulty.Guarantee: three months12 Competition, Case study, page 1 1 9Supplier 3You represent The Artisans co·operative. These are the terms you can offer.••••Delivery: normally 30 days by sea after receiving an order, but there have beenproblems with delivery recently.
Your company has just appointed a new shippingagent, who should be more reliable.Trade discount of 10% for new customersReturned goods: no returns except for faulty or damaged goodsGuarantee: six months145II Present simple and present continuousPresent simpleII Talking about the future1We use the present simple:1to give factual information, for exampleabout company activities.I'm going to buy a new car.She's going to tell us about the ideasthey've come up with for the ad campaign.Unilever makes a wide variety ofconsumergoods.Both going to and will are used forpredictions.Does it market these goods globolly?It doesn't sell in every sector.There's going to be a flight ofcapital fromthe West towards India and China.2 to talk about routine activities or habits.The Fortune Garment Company willcontinue to lose market share unless itsolves its problems.I always buy the supermarket's own brandof detergent.Do you usually pick up groceries an theway home?2 We use 'II to make a spontaneous promiseor offer to do something.He doesn't choose clothes with designerlabels.3for actions and situations which aregenerally true.Mony consumers prefer well-known brands.4 for timetables and scheduled events.We use going to to talk about what weintend to do or what someone else hasalready decided to do.'I haven't got time to do this myself ''Don't worry.
I'll give you a hand. '3We use the present continuous to talkabout fixed plans or arrangements.I'm meeting Mrs do Silva next week.She's arriving on Wednesday.We launch the new range on 15 January.Present continuousWe use the present continuous to:The flight leaves at 15:50 tomorrow.1I n time clauses, we use the present simpleto refer to future time. It is incorrect to usewill in a time clause.talk about ongoing situations and projects.We're developing a completely new imagefor the brand.Are you still working with those designers?They aren't saying anything to the pressthis time.2 describe temporary situations.We're testing a new logo at the moment.Are they offering a goad discount duringthe launch period?3describe trends.The number ofpeople shopping online isgrowing.4talk about personal arrangements andplans.I'm meeting Frau Scharping next week.1464 We use the present simple to talk about aschedule.We won't start until everyone gets here.I'm going to go round the world when Iretire.As soon as I have the results, I'll give you aring.Come and see me before you go.GRAMMAR REFERENCEIIPast simple and present perfectPast simple1We use the past simple to refer to eventsthat took place in the past.1Noun combinationsWe use s to express a relationship betweena person or organisation and anotherperson or thing.A pharmacist called John Pembertoninvented Coco-Colo.Mr Blakes secretary'Did you go to Berlin lost week?''Yes, and I met Herr Gnuchtel.
'Volvo's reputation2 We freq uently use a time adverb to situatethe event in finished past time.Rolls Royce went bust in 1973.A few years ago, the City Plaza hotel was aleader in its segment of the market.Many people lost a lot of money on thestock market during 2008 and 2009.3 We use the past simple in annual reports todescribe the compa ny's performance overthe last year.Last year was a good year for our group.Sales rose by more than 1 1 %, and wemade substantial gains in market share in anumber of countries.Present perfect1IIWe use the present perfect to say that afinished past action is relevant now.They have developed a new brand oftoothpaste.The Chairman has recently resigned.2 We use the present perfect when we arethinking of a period of time continuing u p tothe present.For over 50 years, Stirling Cars hasdeveloped classic sports cars.Calvin Klein has been one of the leadingfashion designers since the mid-1 970s.3 We often use this tense to talk about ourlife experiences.her husband's car BA 's employeesThe '5 very often means that therelationship can be expressed using have.Mr Bloke has a secretary.Volvo has a reputation.2 When two nouns are used together, thefirst noun functions as an adjective anddescribes the second noun.a business carda job descriptionan office complexa travel agencySometimes three or more nouns occurtogether.a company credit card (a credit card issuedby a company)a management training programme(a training programme designed formanagement)3 Two nouns are joined by of when the ideasare more abstract.the cost of livingindependence of mindthe joy of working and lifelong learning4 Some compound nouns are written as oneword.databaseanswerphoneletterheadheadquarters5 When compound nouns are used with anumber in expressions of measurement, thefirst noun is singular.a six-lane motorway a four-day weekShe has had a number ofinteresting jobs.He's worked for a variety of firms.147GRAMMAR REFERENCE11 ArticlesThe indefinite article: a/anII1We use alan in the following ways:1declinerecover risedecrease dropfal/She's an executive and he's a manager.rocketsoardiveplummetin expressions of measurement.A slight movement can be indicated by:We charge $500an hour.edge upIt sel/s at €1.75 a litre.edge downbefore a noun to mean all things of thesame type.The amount of increase can also beindicated using these verbs:A 1055 leader is an article that a store sel/sat a law price to tempt customers to buyother goods.halve(1/Jdouble(x2)triple(x3)The definite article: thequadruple(x4)We use the:increase tenfold(xl 0)1when it is clear from the context whatparticular thing or place is meant.Or with a preposition:/'1/ meet you in the reception area.Sales have increased from €5 million to€5.B mil/ion.42before a noun that we have mentionedbefore.They had a villa in Cannes and a chalet inInnsbruck, but they sold the viI/a.3before adjectives to specify a category ofpeople or things.the rich, the poor, the French, theunemployed, the World Wide WebZero article: (mWe do not use an article before:1mass nouns used in general statements.(iii) Money is the root of 01/ (iii) evil.2 the names of places and people.(iii) Poland, (iii) Japan, (iii) Dr Spock,(iii) President Obama(..)('o)A dramatic movement may be expressed by:2 with the names of professions.148To describe changing circumstances, we canuse verbs of movement.improve increasebefore unspecified singular countable nouns.She works in an office.3Describing trends(..)dipOur business grew by 15% last year.2Changes which have not reached theirend-point are expressed using -ing.Profits are falling.Unemployment has been rising.If the change is com plete, we use a perfecttense.The government has privatised the railnetwork.Sales have increased, and that has meanthigher profits.GRAMMAR REFERENCEIIModal verbsAdvice1II1We can use should and shouldn't to give orask for advice.We sometimes use one verb after anotherverb.
Often, the second verb is in theinfinitive form.We are continuing to cut our manufacturingcosts.You should always learn something about acountry before visiting it.Management agreed to offer generousredundancy terms to all staff affected.Should I invite our agents out to dinnerafter the meeting?The verbs below are often followed by theinfinitive.He shouldn't ask so many personalquestions.2-ing forms and infinitivesShould often follows the verbs suggest andthink.intendattemptpromiseplanmeantryarrangeofferI think we should find out more about thembefore signing the contract.wantpretendhopeforgetseemfailwishexpectclaimguaranteeFor strong advice, we can use must ormustn't.They must pay their bills on time in future.You mustn't refuse ifyou're offered a smallgift·2Sometimes, the second verb must be in the·ing form. This depends on the first verb.The decision involves reducing our heavylosses.Obligation/NecessityThe verbs below are usually followed by the·ing form.1 We often use must when the obligationadmitappreciatecontemplategive upinvolvedenyenjoyconsidercarry onmeanmindjustifycan't standdon't mindrememberresentdetestrecommendriskdelaymisssuggestavoidput offcomes from the person speaking or writing.We must ask them to dinner when they'reover here.2 We use mustn't to say that something isprohibited, it is not allowed.You mustn't smoke in here.3 We often use have to to show that theobligation comes from another person orinstitution, not the speaker.You have to renew your residence permitafter three months.
(This is the law.)lack of obligation / lack of necessityWe use don't have to when there is no need orobligation to do something.You don't have to wait for your order. You cancollect it now.Compare the uses of must not and don't haveto here.We mustn't rush into a new partnership tooquickly. We don't have to make a decision for atleast six months.look forward toSome verbs can be followed by the ·ingform or the infinitive form without a bigchange in meaning.She started loading the software. /She started to load the software.Sometimes, however, the meaning changes.She stopped to read the manual.(She stopped what she was doing in orderto read the manual.)She stopped reading the manual.(She no longer bothered to read themanual.)149GRAMMAR REFERENCEIIConditionsFirst conditional1We use conditional sentences whendiscussing the terms of an agreement,making hypothetical proposals, bargainingand making concessions.Ifyou order now, we will give you adiscount.We will reduce the price by 10% if you giveus a firm order in advance.If we give you 90 days' credit instead of 60,will you give us the interest you would havepaid?The use of if+ will + base form of the verbsuggests that the acceptance of the conditionis the basis for a deal.2 We use unless in conditional sentences tomean ifnot.We won't be able to start constructionunless you train our personnel.3 As long as and provided that are also usedto state conditions.We will sign the contract as long as youguarantee prices for the next 18 months.We can reach agreement an a joint ventureprovided that our firm has a representativeon your board.Second conditionalIf the proposal is more tentative and possiblyless certain, we use past verb forms.If we said we were prepared to deliver inMarch, would you make a firm order?Ifyou agreed to create more jobs, we mightthink about a productivity deal.If the government found some extra money,would you be prepared to create a subsidiaryin our country?1501mNarrative tenses1 The past simple is common w h en wedescribe a sequence of events or tell a storyin chronological o rd e r about events thathappened in th e past.On Monday 3 December 1 984, a poisonouscloud ofgas escaped from a pesticide plantin Bhopal, India.
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