N. Kryazheva - The United States and the United Kingdom. Past and Present (doc) (798446), страница 19
Текст из файла (страница 19)
fact that they are of transatlantic origin is soon forgotten. To recognize American Boinages sometimes means to get a taste of American history and character: mbolitionist, automobile, baby-sit, basketball, chewing gum, credit card, electric Bfta/'r, home-made, know-how and so on and so forth.
Many of the new American words added to the English vocabulary are based Bn old processes, such as compounding existing words, as in "boyfriend, book-mtore, brainstorm". American English also tends to coin and use more freely Bouns compounded from a verb and a preposition, such as "blowout, checkup,
fallout, feedback", etc. New words and frequently created by shifting the function Ef an exiting word. Nouns are used as verbs: to park, to package, to program, to
vacation; adjectives can become nouns: briefs, comics, reds.
The convenient use of noun as verb in "to contract1, meaning "to see, call,
meet, get in touch with", seems to have originated in America, though it might just pis well have done so in England, since there is nothing un-English about such a Bmctional charge. But this one word "contract" carries high symbolic importance В there will be no American language, for the simple reason that the Queen's
English and the President grow together.
OXFORD
There is an old saying: "Cambridge is always trying to be like Oxford, but it MWill never be".
Oxford is the oldest, the most prestigious University of the Western civilization.
There are currently 39 colleges that make up the University of Oxford. Like in Cambridge, every college here is an independent institute of higher education, but put together they are referred to as the University of Oxford. It would be right to say that the whole city with all buildings, streets, shops is the university itself.
For almost 900 years the University of Oxford has been teaching both British : students and foreigners.
The history of Oxford began in the early 12th century. Before that there was not any institute of higher education in England and everybody who wanted to studv went to Europe, usually to France. When the English king Henry II quarreled with the French king, he forbade all English people to study in Paris and they started to gather in Oxford - a small town on the Thames, 88 km from London.
Today the University has about 17,000 students. Every college here is like a little world with its own dining halls, hostels, church, libraries, pubs, museums and bookshops and even its own jargon.
For example, at Christ College the head is called a dean, but at Lincoln Col-lege he is a rector, at Balliol College they call him a master. At most colleges the teachers are called "fellows", but for some unknown reason they are"students" at Christ College, and elsewhere students are called students, but at Merton Col-lege they are"postmasters".
Oxford is a mixture a traditions and eccentricity.
All colleges are open to visitors during summer months, if you enter the central building and take a look around, you will see gorgeous architecture, elegant furniture and you will understand why here in Britain we say: "Oxford is very aristocratic and rich".
Oxford has the greatest concentration of historic buildings in the UK - 900 per one square kilometer. We will not be able to see everything there is worth seeing in one day.
It is very interesting to visit the University Botanic Garden. It was founded in 1621 and is the oldest garden in Britain. The Garden has the largest plant collection in the world - 90 per cent of the world's plant families.
The University Cathedral of St. Mary is the most visited church in England, it receives about 300,000 visitors a year.
The Oxford Central Library - the oldest and the largest library in Europe -has about 7 million books. The library sprawls across several buildings all of which are masterpieces of architecture. Some reading rooms have not changed for 500 years. Students and scholars still take an oath not to remove books from the buildings.
The Museum of Art and Archaeology with fine collections of Eastern and European art and Middle Eastern archaeology, it was founded in 1683.
The best way to see all interesting places in the city is to take a walk down the Broad Street- the central street of Oxford. With every step you plunge deeply into history. A short stroll takes us past the Observatory where an astronomer Edmund Halley discovered his comet, the library where Christopher Wren drew his plans for St. Pauls's Cathedral, the pub where a teacher of English literature J. R. R. Tolkien liked to take a glass of beer after work and wrote his famous trilogy "The Lord of the Rings". And right opposite is there is another pub where Tolkien's fellow C.S. Lewis passed his free time and worked on his books about Narnia.
CAMBRIDGE
Cambridge is the second oldest university in the UK after the University of Oxford.
Your visit to Cambridge will be a very interesting experience you will walk around this quiet place and feel a sense of peace and scholarship.
Here you will feel the past, the present and the future at the same time. The story of University goes back to 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after they had left Oxford. These stu-Bents and their teachers had to go away from Oxford after a strange accident, a skirmish which left one person killed. The Mayor of Oxford arrested three stu-Eents and they were sentenced to death. In protest their friends rioted and many №f them decided to move to another place. Some teachers supported them and this way the University of Cambridge came into being.
Today Cambridge is a system of faculties, departments, and 31 colleges which are separated from one another but are all parts of one institution of higher education.
The Colleges stand on the banks of the river Cam. If you go through a college gate, you will find yourself in a square the size of which varies from college Bo college. The square is surrounded by halls of residence where the students live and the lecture halls where they study. There is also a small church - practically every college has its own patron saint - a library and a dining-hall. Since in Britain Church is not separated from the State, religion plays an important role in IBhe system of education. There is a special service in church every Sunday - the attendance is compulsory for all students.
The most famous scientist who worked and taught at Cambridge is undoubtedly Isaak Newton. Among famous graduates of Cambridge are: the leader of the English Revolution Oliver Cromwell, the poet John Milton; the scientist and creator of the evolutionary theory Charles Darwin. Besides, all kings of the reigning Windsor dynasty studied at Cambridge: Edward VII and George VI. Charles, Prince of Wales and heir to the throne of the United Kingdom, graduated from Cambridge in 1970.
At present there are about 11,000 students at Cambridge. In Cambridge you lean visit very interesting places: Fitzwilliam Museum, founded in 1816, houses a •brilliant collection of archaeological object; Sedgwick Museum of Geology; Scott wPolar Research Institute named after Captain Scott who undertook several expe-I ditions to the South Pole.
And do not forget to visit King's College Church, a 15th century building, famous for the beauty of its architecture.
All is all, to visit Cambridge is very interesting, exciting and mind-broadening!
OXBRIDGE
Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Great Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge. Both universities are
independent. Only the education elite go to Oxford or Cambridge. Most of their students are former public school leavers.
The normal length of the degree course in three years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). Some courses, such as language or medicine, may be one or two years longer. The students may work for other degrees as well. The degrees are awarded at public degree ceremonies Oxford and Cambridge cling to their traditions, such as the use of Latin at degree ceremonies. Full academic dress is worn at examinations.
Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of a number of colleges. Each college is different, but in many ways they are alike. Each college has its name, its coat of arms. Each college is governed by a Master. The larger ones have more than 400 members, the smallest colleges have less than 30. Each college offers teaching in a wide range of subjects. Within, the college one will normally find a chapel, a dining hall, a library, rooms for undergraduates, fellows and the Master, and also rooms for teaching purposes.
There are now twenty-four colleges for men, five for women and another five which have both men and women members, many from overseas studying for higher degrees. Among the oldest colleges are University College, All Souls and Christ Church.
THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
The University of London is a federal University and is one of the oldest, largest and most diverse universities in the UK. Established by Royal Charter in 1836, the University is recognized globally as a world leader in Higher Education.
It consists of 19 self-governing Colleges of outstanding reputation together with the prestigious Institute of the School of Advanced Study and a number of other central academic activities. From its very beginning, the University has been a unique instruction. Its Colleges and Institutes each have their own illustrious and distinctive history.
It has an outstanding international reputation for the quality of the teaching and research at our Colleges and Institutes. Whatever you want to study, we offer virtually every subject covered in any university curriculum.
Subjects can be studied at various levels and lead to the award of foundation, undergraduate, taught postgraduate and research degrees, or to diplomas or certificates.
The Colleges of the University differ in size, age and tradition as well as in the courses of study they offer. Some are multi-faculty institution with large student populations, whilst others are specialist and smaller in size.
The School of Advanced Study brings together the specialized scholarship and resources often acclaimed postgraduate research institutes; it offers opportunities and facilitation for research across and between a wide range of subject fields in the humanities and social sciences.
If you are unable to come to London to study because of work or personal commitments, the University of London External System offers a flexible way to study wherever you are in the world.
The University has a Central Administration which supports the federal Uni-/ersity and the central activities.
Academic dress in the University of London has been prescribed since the riid 19th century and has been modified and added to over the years.
THE UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS
The University of St. Andrews is the oldest university in Scotland and the third oldest in the English-speaking world, having been founded between 1410 and 1413. The University is situated in the town of St. Andrews, in Fife, on the gast coast of Scotland. It is a renowned centre for teaching and research and a member of the 1994 Group, a network of smaller research-intensive British universities.
Independent school intake is high, but the university has a widening participation policy. The library and many university departments are spread around the town centre. The town's population of 16,000 is boosted considerably by tie University's 8,000 students. St. Andrews is frequently listed among the top universities in the United Kingdom. Until 1967, a large part of the University of St. Andrews was located in the nearby city of Dundee, separating to become the University of Dundee.
The Academic Senate is the supreme academic body for the University. Its members include all Professors of the University, certain senior Readers, a number of Senior Lecturers and Lecturers and three elected student Senate Representatives - one from the Arts/Divinity faculty, one from the Science/Medicine acuity and one postgraduate student. It is responsible for authorizing degree programmes and issuing all degrees to graduates. Another function of the Senate s to discipline students. The President of the Senate is the University Principal.
The University is divided into four academic Faculties: Arts, Divinity, Medicine, Science. Each is governed by a Faculty Council and administered by a Dean. Students apply to become members of a particular faculty, as opposed to any particular school or department.
Students at the university form various societies for academic, social, political, religious and other reasons.
THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH
The University of Edinburgh founded in 1582, is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was the sixth university to be established on the British Isles, making it one of the ancient universities of Scotland. The university is also amongst the largest and most prestigious in the United Kingdom and the world.
In 2002, the University was re-organised from its 9 faculties into three Colleges, and now comprises the College of Humanities And Social Sciences (HSS), Science and Engineering (CSE), and Medicine and Veterinary Medicine (MVM). Within these Colleges are 21 Schools, which are of roughly equal sizes, generally significantly larger than the more-numerous departments they replaced.
There are College of Humanities and Social Science, College of Medicine and College of Science and Engineering in the University.
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