N. Kryazheva - The United States and the United Kingdom. Past and Present (doc) (798446), страница 15
Текст из файла (страница 15)
substantial meals - питательная пища
to infuse - настаиваться (о чае)
part and parcel - неотъемлемая часть
iquid - жидкость
well-to-do family - хорошо обеспеченная семья
tart - домашний торт, сладкий пирожок
Tasks:
1. Render the texts about food in your own words.
2. Exchange ideas after reading articles about foods.
3. Compare Russian cuisine with English one.
4. Answer the questions:
a. How do you make tea?
b. How do you make coffee?
c. How often do you have your meals?
5. Make up mini dialogues in various situations: a. you have tea-party at home; b. at a cafe; c. at a restaurant.
6. Translate the following expressions and make up situations with them:
a. Neither fish nor flesh; g. A hard nut to crack;
b. As like as two peas; h. To stew in one's own juice;
c. To know what is what; i. Appetite comes with eating;
d. Chop-chop; j. Every cook praises his own broth;
e. Tastes differ; k. Too many cooks spoil the broth;
f. To save one's bacon; I. Eat with pleasure, drink with measure.
BRITISH EDUCATION
British education has many critics and much of the criticism has a political basis. The system is supposed to provide equality of opportunity for all, but it has some inequality.
The Education Act of 1944 was based on the philosophy that every child is to be educated according to his age, ability and aptitude. It places responsibility for carrying out this task on the shoulders of the school and the parents.
Now, there are about 12 million children and young people in full-time attendance at schools, colleges and universities. The great majority of schools are publicly provided or aided.
In Britain education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 15. The academic year begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three "terms", with the intervals between them formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays.
Day schools mostly work from Monday to Friday only, from about 9 a.m. to between 3 and 4 p.m. Lunch is provided and parents pay for it. 28% of all children stay at school beyond the age of fifteen, only 8 % of unskilled worker's children do so and only 1 % of children of unskilled workers receive full-time education beyond the age of eighteen, in comparison with 34 % of children of people in the professional class. This situation was generally regarded as unsatisfactory.
Words and Phrases:
to suppose - предполагать responsible - ответственный
great majority - большинство responsibility - ответственность
to attend - посещать respondent - ответчик
attendance - посещаемость compulsory - обязательный
to provide - обеспечивать teen-ager - подросток
to respond - реагировать, отвечать age - з.д. возраст
Tasks:
1. Answer the following questions:
a. Does British education have many critics?
b. When was the last Education Act adopted?
c. Who is responsible for children's education in Great Britain?
d. How many children and teen-agers study in Great Britain?
2. Draw a parallel between education in Russia and Great Britain.
3. Speak about your school years: a. your favourite subject or subjects;
b. your school-mates; c. your favourite pastime.
THE TEEN-AGER CULTURE
Most of the problems teen-agers are seeking to solve were created for them by adults. People forget that teen-agers belong to another generation, with all the changes and problems, but also new ones, of which parents are frequently unaware, but which teen-agers have to solve.
It is not a new problem. What has appeared, probably for the first time in the Western world is a teen-ager Culture, a way of life with which teen-agers as individuals identify themselves and which they find meaningful. The songs, the lyrics, the records, the dances, the clothes and the like are evidences of a clear dissociation from the adult world.
Teen-agers have declared their independence of the adult world. And in all this they are encouraged by the world of business. The teen-ager Culture is a very big business. Such phenomena as the Beatles and their innumerable imitations would be impossible without the support of teen-agers and their industry.
AEROBICS
The magazines for teen-agers are a very profitable industry, and a large number of TV programs are designed for the same market. The "aerobics" Craze for Youth.
Tens of thousands of people apply annually to run in the London, Manchester, Liverpool, etc. or other Marathons. Gymnasiums flourish today, people take up the "aerobic " system of exercise. You'll not find the word "aerobics" in many dictionaries but it means simply "with oxygen". "Aerobic exercise" is any form of exercises that increases your oxygen intake. Vigorous walking, jogging and running are forms of aerobic exercises, as well as dancing, swimming and cycling.
Apart from being fun aerobics has a scientific basis. There are several beneficial effects. The heart becomes stronger and larger. Blood pressure drops and blood vessels also become stronger and more elastic. All this means that you are less likely to have heart attack. It will give you the healthy glen that is associated with fitness. Finally there's the question of weight. Research has shown that runners have weight less than nonrunners, even if they eat more, so aerobics will keep them slim, too.
FREE SCHOOL
School Rules:
"You mustn't smoke or wear make-up". "You must do you home-work on time"' "You mustn't fight in the play ground". "You must... you must...", etc.
Even if you like school, it seems that someone is always telling you what to do.
That is why a lot of children don't like school and now a few teachers believe this is why some kids don't learn. People learn better and faster when they have ^ore choice in what they learn and when and how they learn it. At Free school, people believe that school should teach what the children need and what to learn. School should help a child to think for himself. There is no punishment for missing school. There are no compulsory lessons. Each child has one adult who follows his progress through the school. A lot happens outside school. They visit local factories, markets, shops, fire, police station. They visit exhibitions, go roller-skating, horse-riding, make trips to the country or the sea and go camping. They study special subjects such as photography, metal-work, pottery. Practical skills like painting and repairing a house are all done as part of the maintenance of the school. But there are very few Free schools in England.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
There are different kinds of educational institutions in Great Britain including universities and colleges of various kinds. There is no single, universally accepted definition of what a university should be like. British universities are quite different 2nd each of them has its own syllabus. Universities usually select students on the basis of A-level exam results [Advanced Level] and an interview. But colleges of Oxford and Cambridge choose their students mainly on academic merit.
All British universities can be roughly divided into three groups, namely "ancient", "redbrick" or "modern" ("provincial') and the new ones. But mostly each °f these universities has its own approach to teaching. Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest universities in Great Britain. They are called Oxbridge to denote an e|itarian education. They date from Middle Ages. Each consists of self-governing c°Heges. Some colleges tend to be rather keen to admit a few men who are very 9°od at football or some other sport, or sons and daughters of lords or million-aires. After all a rich man's son or daughter will be rich one day and may give a ot of money to his (her) favourite university. Colleges are very rich. They have Wonderful books in the libraries, botanical gardens, observatory and an anatomy School and even rich collections of pictures. University is only an administrative body, which organizes lectures for all students of the colleges, arranges examinations and awards degrees. The teaching is based on the tutorial (that means
the individual tuition) as well as lectures. Each student has a tutor who plans hi work and requires him to write essays and papers on the subject he is stuch ing, and submit them to him regularly about once a fortnight for correction апн discussion. Until the 19th century they were the only universities in England, апн offered no place girls. But, nowadays, most colleges admit both men and women Cambridge is more developed than Oxford in scientific studies. Four universities founded in Scotland i.e. St. Andrews (1411), Glasgow (1450), Aberdeen(I4g4) and Edinburgh (1583) are considered to be the ancient universities, too.
During the 19th century various institutions of higher education were founded in large centers of industry such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. Their buildings were made of local brick, so they got the name "redbrick". But today they are referred to as "modern" or "provincial". There is no tutorial system there. These universities accept students from all over the country and are financed by local authorities. The government gives money to cover the universities current expenditure, but doesn't control them and they enjoy a large measure of academic freedom.
The University of London also refers to this group. It is rather old. It was given a Charter in 1836. Now there are about twenty colleges and schools of the university. The teaching is in the colleges, which are placed in various parts of London. It is the largest university in the country with over 40,000 students.
The New Universities were founded after the Second World War. Some of them quickly became popular because of their modern approach to university courses.
One of the new developments in education of Britain is certainly the Open University. Being founded in 1971 it offers a wide range of courses at many different levels. The Open University was established to give educational opportunities to those people who want to continue their education at home. In its teaching the Open University employs a combination of television, radio, correspondence tests, broadcasts and personal tuition.
Colleges form an important part of higher education system in England and Wales. Colleges prepare young people for entry to specific job, or offer a specialist qualification. A college education is in most cases less academic and more practical than a university one, and usually vocational. They offer courses in teacher training, in technology and some professions connected with medicine.
Polytechnics are fairly new. The government in 1966 established them in order to concentrate the large amount of work of university standard being done outside the university. 30 of the technical colleges became polytechnics and their popularity is growing.
In many ways the polytechnics and universities are similar. But the former have more varied courses than any other higher educational institution. Any student has a wide range of choice, such as pure academic study, a study of an applied mature or a professional qualification. The Polytechnics play the main role in higher education.
A degree is an academic qualification awarded at most universities and colleges upon completion of a higher educational course (a first degree) or a pi^e
of research (higher degrees).
In general Bachelor's degree [B.A. or B.Sc] is given to students who pass gxams at the end of three or four years of study.
The first post-graduate degree is that of a Master conferred for a thesis based on at least one year's full-time work. And the degree of Doctor of Philosophy [Ph.D.] is given for a thesis, which is an original contribution to knowledge.
The highest governing body of most universities is usually a Council consisting of a few professors together with some local notables. Each department has its chief who has usually the title of Professor. Other teachers who have no title of "professor" are entitled "Lecturers", "Readers", "Senior Lectures". When a university teaching post is vacant it is usually advertised in newspapers.
Words and Phrases:
syllabus(es)- программа, расписание to approach - приближаться
Bachelor degree - степень Бакалавра to comprise- включать
Master - Магистр (уч. степень) instead of - вместо
to confer to - предоставлять fee - взнос, пошлина, чаевые
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