M. Ibbotson - Professional english in use engineering (794233), страница 30
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It is an alloy, consisting mainly of the elements ironand carbon.11.3Reinforced2 reinforce3 reinforcement4 reinforcing/reinforcement5 reinforced (aluminium-reinforced)11.4 Elements: oxygen, ironCompounds: water, iron oxideAlloy: steelComposite: reinforced concrete12.1true2 false- Mild steel is a low carbon steel.3 true4 true5 false- Low alloy steels contain 90% or more iron, and up to 10% of alloying metals suchas chromium.6 true7 false- Tungsten is added to steel to make it harder.8 true12.2VerbNounAdjectivecorrodecorrosioncorrodedoxidizeoxideoxidizedrust I go rustyrustrustycorrodes I oxidizes I rusts I goes rusty2 corrosion I oxide I rust3 corroded I oxidized I rustyProfessional English in Use Engineering12112.36 chromium7 rusty1 steel2345corrodes I oxidizes I rustsgradecorrosion I oxidizing I rustingstainless13.12345Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is often alloyed with aluminium.Zinc can be mixed with copper to make brass.Copper can be mixed with tin and lead to produce bronze.Go ld resists corrosion better than the other precious metal, silver.13.2Metal elements: copper, silver, titanium, zinc, alumjnium, gold, tin, lead, magnesiumAlloys: duralumin, brass, bronzePrecious metals: silver, gold13.314.24 electroplating5 cathode6 galvanizing7 positive8 anode2 manmade3 atoms4 molecules3 negativeelectrolyte2 plated14.18 corrosion I oxide I rust9 ironnaturaltrue2 true3 false - The plastic is solid.4 fa lse- The tests check that the plastic does not stretch - an elastomer would stretchsignificantly.5 true6 fa lse- Material is melted down and reused, something not possible with thermosettingplastics.7 true14.343-78.1-6.1-.1-910.1-.1-.1-TR.1-.1-sL2.1-p1.1-M05EHuEM11yA.1-M0L.1-LEBpA.1-NTp0LycARB0NATEv u Ec L cMusMEXMTHXERT0RyA0EuRE0sDMTLMEEsIEETD---12212 13RProfessional English in Use Engineeringc1 5.1false - Minerals are inorganic.truetruetruefalse- Industrial diamond is an abrasive, non-metallic material.false- In order to become ceramics, materials must be heated/fired.
(Only glass-likeceramics are vitrified.)7 true2345615.2laminated glass, safety glass, windscreen2 safety glass, tempered glass, toughened glass3 annealed glass15.3layers/sheets2 laminated16.12345coarse aggregatefine aggregatecementbatchingmix design3 bonding4 toughened/tempered5 shatter6 layers/sheets6 28-day strength7 water-cement ratio8 additives9 retarder10 plasticizer16.2prestressing2 reinforcement3 pounng4 precast5 in-situ6 formwork7 cast8 structural9 concrete17.11 c, e, f2 a,f3 c,17.21 planed2 rough-sawn3 stress grade4 visually stress-graded5 mechanically stress-graded17.3softwood I timber2 stress-graded3 glue-laminated4 plywood5 orientated strand board I OSB6 particle7 medium-density fibreboard I MDF18.11 tension2 compressiOn3 elongation4 elongation, extension18.21c, 2b, 3a, 4f, 5e, 6d18.3elastic2 ductile3 elastic limit4 yield point19.11 indentation19.21 b, 2c, 3d, 4a19.31234conductthermal conductivitythermal conductorexpandd, f5 deformation5 extension/elongation/deformation6 plastically7 elastically2 abrasion56784 durability3 scratchcontractexpansion/contractioncontraction/expansioncoefficient of thermal expansionProfessional English in Use Engineering12320.11 casting: molten metal, heat, pressure, a die2 sintering: metal powder, heat, pressure, a die3 extrusion: molten metal, heat, pressure, a die20.21 false - Metal can also be cold forged.2 true3 true4 true5 false - Metal can also be cold rolled.6 true7 false -Metal can also be work hardened by cold forging.8 false- Shot-peening is a cold forging technique.20.32 When metal is annealed, its temperature is allowed to decrease gradually in order to makeit more elastic and less brittle.3 If metal is quenched, this means its temperature is reduced rapidly, making it harder, butmore brittle.4 When a metal is tempered, it is held at a high temperature for a time, to improve itshardness without reducing its elasticity too much.5 If a metal is case hardened, it is heated within a gas to harden only the metal near the surface.20.4extrusion2 drop forged I hot forged3 work hardened21.123454 quenched5 shot-peenedtruetruefalse - Pellets are intended for melting and forming in moulds.truefalse - Steel blooms can be cut into smaller sized pieces called billets.21 .2a steel bloom2 a coil of steel sheet3 a round PVC tube4 an aluminium plate22.11c blind, 2e chamfered, 3d pointed, 4a groove, 5b flush22.2tapered2 tip3 groove4 square23.1lc, 2d, 3e, 4f, 5b, 6a23.2123455 a6 a7 a8 a9 a steel wire10 an electrical cable11 a stranded wire12 a solid wireround bar, a rodflat barsheet of glasssteel cable5 accommodate6 slot7 chamfered8 countersunk9 recessed10 flush11 constant12 threadeda drill bit for metala holesawa blade for a hacksawa toothed blade for a circular sawa thick abrasive wheel for a grinder6 cores of concrete being removed by diamond drilling23.3turn2 drill3 saw4 grind24.1a, c, e2 a, b3 a, c, d4 a, c, d, e12413 ridge14 roundedProfessional English in Use Engineering5 mill24.2123424.31 electrical discharge machining2 spark erosion3 a torch4 an electric arc25.11 supported2 anchored3 embedded2 5.21d, 2e, 3a, 4b, 5c26.11234526.21 tighten2 preload26.312345false- The purpose of flat washers and plain washers is to spread the load.truetruefalse- Spring washers allow the amount of preload to be adjusted.false - Spring washers allow some movement to occur.27.112345machineself-tappingslot headcrossheadset/grub27.21 plug2 screw27.31e, 2d, 3a, 4c, Sb28.11234528.21 b, e28.31e, 2f, 3h, 4c, Sa, 6gacetyleneoxygenoxyacetyleneflame-cutting5 ultra-high-pressure6 edge quality7 secondary operations5 It needs to be partly ionized.6 a laser beam7 heat-affected zone (HAZ)4 connection/joint5 attached/connected/fastened/fixed/joined6 togetherBolts are well-known examples of fasteners.In most cases, nuts are screwed onto bolts by turning them clockwise.The threaded part of a bolt is the shaft/shank.Threads are cut to form a helical pattern.Allen keys are designed to fit into the heads of bolts.welded togetherdissimilar materialsbase metalmoltenweld pool3 work loose4 over-tighten3 screwdriver4 expand5 torque6 tension7 shear force8 loosen5 crosshead6 head7 pullout8 set in6 fuse7 discontinuities8 weld zone9 residual stresses10 heat-affected zone2 a, d, g, h3 b,f4 c, d, fProfessional English in Use Engineering12529.129.2spot weldingsoft soldering, hard soldering, brazing2 soft soldering3 hard soldering4 none29.3230.130.22 seam welding3 ultrasonic welding5 brazing, hard soldering6 soft soldering7 none3 chemical bond4 contact adhesiveadhesiveadhere to12loadexerted/imposed on3 dynamic load4 an impulse5678load-bearingact, dead, live3 magnitude, scalar4 vector5 stress, overstressed6 strain124 resistance weldingstatic loadself-weightmagnitudeexerted/imposed on5 substrate6 cure9 loaded101112uniformly distributed loadconcentratedpoint load7 fails, failure31.1sAGT0RsI0REsIsTEXTEN0ssLEN0EHEARNJRI31 .2Mistake = ' ...
the top of the beam is free from stress'. The top of the beam is in compression.The part of the beam which is free from stress is the neutral axis along the centreline of thebeam.31 .31 bending2 compressionneutral axis4 tensile332.1108 crushing12statically determinate structures2 counteracted32.2component2 resultant32.3 a= strut32.433.1I 269 deflect5 fracturing6 compressive7 tensionsag11 hogdeflection3 reaction4 in equilibrium3 pin joints4 truss5 centre of gravityb =strutc =tieframeworks2 pin joint4 braced1 linear2 decelerate3 rate4 velocity56783compressiOnmassinertiaacceleratemetres per secondProfessional English in Use Engineering9 metres per second squared10G-force33.21 effort2 pivots3 turning moment I moment4 simple machine5 mechanical advantage6 lever34.
1 1b, 2f, 3c, 4d, 5a, 6e34.25 rotating I revolving6 revolutions I revs7 rotates I revolvesrotational2 rotates I revolves3 rotation I revolution4 rotary I rotating I revolving34.3 1 rev limit34.4coefficient of friction2 dynamic friction3 static friction I stiction35.1chemical2 kinetic3 strain4 useful35.2poweredsourcegamworkjoules234536.15 over-revved6 high-revving3 rev counter4 revved to2 rev limiter5678678910wastelightsoundthermalpowerwattagepowerfulefficiencyelectrical11121314151617181920convertformchemicalstoredthermalkineticefficientusefuldissipatedwaste4 steam, water vapour5 vapour6 superheated steam1 state, melts2 boils/evaporates/vaporizes3 cooled, solidifies36.2 1b, 2a, 3e, 4c, 5d36.3 2 exothermic345637.1emittedcirculatedheatheat1 pipes2 ducts78910113 hose4 pipe12131415temperaturedissipatedconvectionheatabsorbed5 water main6 drainheatingconductioncondenseslatent7 sewer8 fall37.2 1a,2a,3b,4a,5b3 7.32345A turbine is designed to be driven by a flow of air or gas.A pump used to increase the pressure in a vessel is called a compressor.A safety valve is an outlet which releases excess pressure.A non-return valve is also called a check valve.Some valves can be partly closed to regulate a flow, reducing its rate.Professional English in Use Engineering12738.1zero, negative2 positive, negative3 positive, zero4 positive, positive38.2pressurized2 at a lower pressure3 atmospheric pressure4 at a higher pressure38.3form drag, skin friction2 downforce, lift39.2wake2 lift39.3aerofoil2 downforce3airflow4 boundary layer5 laminar flow40.1petrol2 spark plug3mixture4 piston cylinder5 ignition40.2intake valve2 combustion chamber3 cylinder block4 spark plug41.29 exert pressure onexplodecompressed air10113 slipstream, wake4 rotor, wing5 CFD, wind tunnel3 wind tunnel4 skin friction5 rotors6 turbulent flow7 drag8 leading11downforce12 drag13 angle of attack9 trailing10pitch6 induction/in take7 compressiOn8 fuel injector9 power10torque5 exhaust valve6 cylinder head7 pistonAn engine is connected to a driveshaft.
Fitted to this input shaft is a gear wheel called thedriver. As this gear wheel turns, it drives another gear wheel alongside it called a follower,which is fitted to an output shaft.manualshifthigher4 automatic5 selection2341.321286 one atmosphere7 gauge pressure8 pressure differential1b, 2d, 3a, 4c39.141 .15 outside airBevel/Crown/WormHelical6 helical7 wheels8 ratio9 shafts10 transmit3Worm4 IdlerProfessional English in Use Engineering42.142.21 crank3 sprocket2 bearings4 chain1 chain4 pulley wheel5 sprocket6 chain2 sprocket3 belt42.31234a camusing a chain or a toothed belta followera flywheel43.1ELECTRICELECTRIC2c us uELECTRIC3pplyp0wERTT05 ELECTRIC I INsucLAT0RHARGEppLIANsH0cKELECTRICELECTRICAELECTRIC1 current5 supply6 volts7 resistance8 ohms1 direct current3 mains4 frequencyc distributiond grida transmissionb field coilsOrder: lb~2e~ 3a · ~RIcIEI9 components10 conductor11 watts12 wattage5 hertz6 sine wave7 single-phase2 alternating current4f~Sc~e step-upf down6dtrue2 true3 false - Rechargeable batteries supply electricity as direct current.4 false- Inverters convert direct current to alterna ting current.1power2 seriesdetector/sensor2 detect/sense45.3Nu c3 amps4 voltage45.2ED2 circuit45.1RN844.3R0744.25 a piston and a crankshaft6 a universal joint7 a clutch8 brake padsc644.17 belt8 pulley wheel9 toothedELECTRI c443.25 sprocket3 integrated4 short5 parallel6 printed3 logic gate5 switch on6 switch off4 signala NOT gateProfessional English in Use Engineering129IndexThe numbers in the index are Unit and Appendix numbers, not page numbers.oc (degrees Celsius)/dt'gri:z 'si:/ 361 G /wAn 'd3i:/ 331/100 (one hundredthof an inch)/wAn 'hAn.dradO av an mJ/ 8111000 (one thousandthof an inch)/wAn 'Oau.zanO av an mJ/ 81:10 (one to ten) /,wAn ta 'ten/ 11:2:4 (one-two-four)/,wAn.tu:'f:l:/ 1628-day strength/,twen.ti 'ett det strei)O/ 162D (two-dimensional)/,tu:'di:/ 13:1 (three to one)/,Ori: ta 'wAn/ 413D (three-dimensional)/Ori: 'di:/ 1A (amp, ampere) /et/ 43a 1:100 drawing/a WAnta WAn 'hAn .drad 'dr:J:.tl)/ 1about the axis/a'baut da 'rek.sts/ 34abrasion /a'bre1.3an/ 19abrasion resistance/a'bre1.3an n'zts.
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