1.Dostoevsky (794197)

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Fedor M. Dostoevsky

Russian novelist, journalist, writer whose psychological penetration into the human soul had a profound influence on the 20th century novel. Dostoevsky's novels have much autobiographical elements, but ultimately they deal with moral and philosophical questions. He presented interacting characters with contrasting views or ideas about freedom of choice, Socialism, atheism, good and evil, happiness and so forth. Dostoevsky's central obsession was God, whom his characters constantly search through painful errors and humiliations.

Fyodor Dostoevsky was born in Moscow, as the second son of a staff doctor at the Hospital for the Poor. Dostoevsky was educated at home and at a private school. Shortly after the death of his mother in 1837, he was sent to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Army Engineering College. Dostoevsky graduated as a military engineer. With the help of a small income from the estate, he resigned in 1844 his commission to devote himself to writing. His first novel, Poor Folk (1846) gained a great success with the critics.

In 1846 Dostoevsky joined a group of utopian socialists. He was arrested on April 23 in 1849 and sentenced to death. With mock execution the sentence was commuted to imprisonment in Siberia. Dostoevsky spent four years in hard labour in a stockade, wearing fetters. On his release in 1854 he was assigned as a common soldier in Semipalatinsk. These experiences provided subject matter for the his future works. His heroes and heroines reflected moral values which were vitally important for the author. They also were men and women of action, whose thoughts influenced deeply the young in Russia. During the years in Siberia Dostoevsky became a monarchist and a devout follower of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg in 1859 as a writer with a religious mission. From the turmoil of the 1860s emerged Notes from Underground (1864), a psychological study of an outsider. The book marked a watershed in Dostoevsky artistic development. Notes from Underground was followed by Crime and Punishment (1866), an account of an individual's fall and redemption, The Idiot (1868-69), depicting a Christ-like figure, Prince Myshkin, through whom the author revealed the spiritual bankruptcy of Russia, and The Possessed (1872), an exploration of philosophical nihilism.

Crime and Punishment was serialised in Ruskii vestnik. On one level the novel belongs to the genre of detective fiction, but Dostoevsky's interest lies on the criminal - the sinner. Dostoevsky married in 1867 Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina, his 22-years old stenographer, who seems to have understood her husband's manias and rages. To avoid his creditors Dostoevsky left Russia with her and spent time in Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, mostly in poverty. He was obsessed with gambling, but in Russia his literary fame only grew. By the time of The Brothers of Karamazov (1879-80), Dostoevsky was recognised in his own country as one of its great writers. The brothers represent three aspects of man's being: reason (Ivan), emotion (Dmitri) and faith (Alesha). This material is transcended into a moral and spiritual statement of contemporary society.

An epileptic all his life, Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg on February 9 (New Style), 1881. He was buried in the Aleksandr Nevsky monastery, St. Petersburg. Anna Grigoryevna devoted the rest of her life to cherish the literary heritage of her husband.

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