ВКР Омельченко Д.С. (1234028), страница 12
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- protection against financial losses;
- prevention of insured events;
- decrease in damage at emergence of insured event.
Protection which gets insured, gives the chance for continuation of activity of business, its expansion and all active actions for innovations and investments.
Collecting contributions of people and the organizations, insurance becomes a form of collecting savings that gives the chance of increase in investments in economy.
Insurance – one of the most ancient categories of the public relations.
Conditions for a social production of material benefits for need of people are necessary for normal production and activity of the person.
However during the entire periods of activity of mankind there are various insured events which break a social production. It also forces people to establish a certain relationship among themselves according to the prevention, overcoming and restriction of destructive consequences of natural disasters.
Insurance started developing with the advent of metallic currency apprx. 550 g BC in the Lidiysky state. Agreements between participants of overland and sea caravans on joint execution of losses at attacks on their caravans began to be concluded.
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In Ancient Rome the mutual insurance in various labor unions (boards) was developed, i.e. members of board monthly granted a certain sum and, in case of death, from the general fund a certain sum on burial was paid.
In the Middle Ages, development of insurance it was connected with trade navigation. The sea and mutual insurance was developed in Italy in which with the assistance of Catholic church for the first time there was an insurance contract. Since 14th century insurance contracts with natural persons began to be signed through the courtier – the general agent, the differentiated tariffs for insurance, depending on a type of goods, conditions and object of insurance are entered.
Development of a flotovodstvo led to creation of the set of legislative resolutions on the organization of sea insurance.
The first insurance companies arose in Europe in 17 century. In the 80th of the 17th eyelid in England there were insurance companies specializing on the fires. It was connected with the fire of 1666. In London in which 70000 thousand people were lost. At the same time in France, Italy, Sweden the insurance companies generally were engaged in sea insurance.
2 Insurance development problems
Insurance promotes minimization of risk in economy. But insurance business itself exists in the conditions of uncertainty. Insurers have to be ready to that as a rule, voluntary itself insures the person assuming approach of an insurance event, and the insurance purpose for any rational insurer is excess of the sum received as compensation of damage, over insurance premiums.
Important problem is asymmetry of information between insurers and insurers. Clients insurers know much more about a condition of object of insurance (for example, about own style of driving of the car at insurance of a civil liability, about a condition of the health at medical insurance).
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There is a situation of adverse selection (adverse selection) when rather an a driver reckless driver or the person with poor health who hopes at the expense of the health insurance is voluntary insured to cover expensive treatment.
Other problem is possibility of opportunistic behavior when one party of the transaction tries to benefit by insufficient formalization of the contract, causing damage to interests of other party. For example, if it isn't stipulated in the contract of insurance, the person interested to earn insurance reward the driver will choose more aggressive (avariynoopasny) style of driving as it is difficult to define, whether accident is a consequence of recklessness of the driver or adverse weather conditions. Similarly, in a case with the health insurance the mercenary insurer will be protected less from cold (for example, to go to cold weather without cap) if these circumstances which led to approach of an insurance event aren't stated in the insurance contract and approach of an event is favorable to the insurer. It is difficult to insurer to separate, in what case emergence of insured event is connected with objective circumstances (actions of forces of nature, etc.) and in what it is connected with "insidiousness" of the insurer.
The uncertainty connected with asymmetry of information before the conclusion of the insurance agreement and possibility of opportunistic behavior after its conclusion strongly slows down insurance development. Insurers, reacting to the actual and potential losses, put them in insurance tariffs. It is most inefficient for society in a situation of obligatory insurance as "ingenuous" clients have to pay benefits of "cunning" insurers with the increased payments.
3 Classification of types of insurance
The specification of objects in a certain insurance cover at the corresponding tariff rates is called as a type of insurance (for example, the mixed life insurance or insurance of a civil liability of owners of motor transport).
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Depending on distinctions in objects of protection insurance shares on four primary branches:
1) personal insurance – life, health and working ability of the person act as object of insurance;
2) property insurance – object of insurance acts property in its different types);
3) insurance of responsibility – object of protection addresses responsibility the third parties to whom the damage (harm) owing to any action or inaction of the insurer can be caused;
4) insurance of economic risks – insurance upon possible losses where as object of insurance protection the result of business activity – profit or the income acts.
Each branch shares in turn on subsectors and types of insurance.
Personal insurance is subdivided into life insurance and insurance upon accidents.
Property insurance shares on some subsectors depending on forms of ownership and categories of insurers: insurance of the state, private, rented property and property of certain citizens as personal property.
In insurance of responsibility allocate two subsectors – insurance of a civil liability and insurance of professional responsibility.
In insurance of enterprise risks also two subsectors – insurance of risk of a real loss and insurance of risk of indirect losses.
Depending on on what initiative insurance is carried out, allocate obligatory and voluntary forms of insurance.
At obligatory insurance it isn't required consent of the insurer and the insurer. Types, conditions and an order of obligatory insurance are defined by the relevant laws. Obligatory insurance provides stability of insurance fund at the insignificant sizes of insurance tariffs and guarantees compensation of damage. At the same time it has compulsory, tax character and doesn't consider financial opportunities of the insurer. In the countries obligatory insurance always reckoned with market
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economy as the factor constraining the competition. Therefore its application is limited to protection only of socially important interests.
4 Legal regulation of insurance
Insurance is one of types of economic activity in which legal regulation plays a noticeable role. It is connected with need of the state guarantees in the conditions of asymmetry of information, and also the high importance of insurance for economic and social life of any country.
All set of the regulations governing the insurance relations in modern Russia can be divided into three levels.
The first level is a Civil code of the Russian Federation. Its main role – in ensuring equality of subjects of business in all spheres of market economy.
The second level – the special (industry) legislation which governs the legal and economic relations directly in the sphere of insurance. First of all the 48th chapter of the Civil code and the Federal law "About the organization of insurance matter in the Russian Federation" belong here. They are base for development of other normative documents of the second and third level, and also documents of insurance companies.
The third level is regulations of the President, the Government, ministries and departments. Treat them, for example, the Act of the Russian Federation of 28.06.91. About medical insurance of citizens to the Russian Federation, the Federal Law of 28.03.98. About obligatory state life insurance and health of the military personnel, the citizens called on military collecting, faces of the private and the commanding structure of law-enforcement bodies of the Russian Federation, the Federal law of 03.04.02. About obligatory insurance of a civil liability, the Decree of the President On obligatory personal insurance of passengers, Conditions of licensing of insurance activity in the territory of the
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Russian Federation, etc. Documents of this level provide legal regulation of the certain directions of insurance activity.
Taking into account requirements of the legislation each insurance company develops a necessary set of internal documents: general conditions of insurance, rule of insurance, form of insurance applications, contracts of insurance, insurance policies. On the basis of these documents direct regulation of insurance transactions is carried out.
The main document governing the relations of the insurer and insurer is the contract of insurance.
The necessary prerequisite for the conclusion of the contract of insurance is existence of insurance interest at the insurer who evolves from possession, use or the order of object of insurance.
Insurance interest in property insurance is always limited by the property cost therefore property insurance is based on the principle of compensation of damage in the proved size within the insured sum. The same principle works and in insurance of a civil liability. In life insurance insurance interest is unlimited therefore the person can insure the life for any sum which will wish and is able to afford.
At the conclusion of the contract of insurance the insurance company is obliged to acquaint the insurer with insurance conditions.
5 Joint insurance and reinsurance
Insurance business is created for reduction of risks of economic activity, but he on himself is very risky type of business. Therefore there is a need to insure itself the insurer. For this purpose the system of primary insurance is supplemented with systems of joint insurance and reinsurance.
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Primary insurance is a providing insurance protection to clients from other branches (natural and legal entities). The majority of insurance companies is engaged in primary insurance.
In case the insured risk is very great for separate insurance company, it can attract other companies as co-insurers and carry out "joint insurance" or joint insurance (Fig. 1).
Joint insurance is a division of risk between different firms of the sphere of insurance. Each participant of such contract bears responsibility only for the part of the insured risk before the insurer. Thus for the insurer of a condition and tariffs are established uniform in all companies insurers.
When obligations for the risks accepted on insurance surpass financial resources of one insurance company, besides joint insurance reinsurance (Fig. 2) can be used.
Reinsurance is a secondary placement of risk, transfer of risk from primary insurer of other insurance company. Reinsurance can be carried out as the reinsurance companies, and the ordinary insurers having the corresponding license which are specially created for this purpose. Anyway the sense of reinsurance consists in ensuring solvency of insurers – insurance of those who carries out primary insurance.
The homeland of reinsurance is Germany. The first reinsurance society was formed in Cologne in 1846. In Russia such society for the first time arose in 1895 – "The Russian society of reinsurance of fire risks".
Reinsurance of risk can be repeated. However responsibility before the insurer fully is born by primary insurer.
As reinsurance grew from insurance, the principles inherent in insurance in general are the cornerstone of it:
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– the principle of the highest respectability (integrity) owing to which the parties can't distort a real situation and have to inform each other on all circumstances of the conclusion and performance of the contract;
– the principle of compensation which is realized in a duty of a tsessioner to pay the part of risk to the assignor but only after that in full makes insurance payment to the insurer.
Reinsurance is a necessary element of insurance activity that is shown in its functions:
– reinsurance allows insurance companies to accept large risks to protection;
– reinsurance increases the capacity of the national insurance market, redistributing risk cost worldwide;
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