Развитие внешнеэкономических связей РФ с Японией (1228014), страница 13
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Currency-financial operations
Picture 1.2 Forms of external economic connections
Table 1 Kinds and forms of FEA
| Kinds of FEA | Forms of FEA |
| Foreign trade | - export |
| - import | |
| - barter transactions | |
| -set off transactions | |
| International investment cooperation | -direct foreign investments |
| -portfolio investments | |
| -credit agreements | |
| -international financial leasing | |
| -joint production within the framework of joint venture | |
| International production and technical cooperation | -international productive co-operation |
| -joint building of industrial objects | |
| -joint productive programs |
The end of Table 1
| Kinds of FEA | Forms of FEA |
| -by contract collaboration | |
| International scientific and technical cooperation | -purchase-sale of patents and licenses |
| -joint scientific researches | |
| -providing of technical help | |
| -educating of personnel | |
| -franchising | |
| -providing of consultative services | |
| International currency-financial and credit relations | -allotting credit and loans |
| -realization of international calculations | |
| -purchase-sale of currency | |
| -purchase-sale of securities |
The forms of external economic connections are trade, barter, tourism, engineering, franchising, leasing of and other.
External economic connections are the result of world division of labor. Distinguish the basic types of external economic connections: [31, p. 106]
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foreign trade;
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a scientific and technical collaboration;
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an economic collaboration;
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co-operation.
Basic types of FEA.
Foreign trade - this is trade possessing of a consumer or productive value. Trading in commodities, services, works, and information result of intellectual activity.
International investment cooperation is bringing in of foreign investments, enterprises with foreign investments, capital exports abroad.
International productive co-operation consists of next types of co-operation : а) simple co-operation, b) co-operations on the terms of by contract co-operation of, c) co-operation joint ventures.
International currency and financial and credit operations is the activity of banks, agents of fund market, participants of the financial leasing. Russian participants of foreign economic activity (Russian persons) are legal entities having a permanent place of being on territory of a country, and also physical persons having a permanent or primary address on the territory of Russian Federation and registered as individual businessmen.
Large participants are the producers of export products of extractive (petroleum, gas, and other) and processing industries of production (petrochemical, metallurgical, and other).
State specialized associations - this is the height of armament.
Joint-stock sales company, carrying out deliveries and purchases of raw material, and equipment.
Wholesale-purchase firms and sole proprietors, carrying out the import of commodities of folk consumption and foodstuffs.
Russian business corporations abroad: branches of the Russian companies, international trade houses with participation the Russian capital.
To the types of foreign economic activity behave:
Export is an offtake to the foreign contractor with the export of him for a border. Export (invisible) is operations on a purchase and sale of the different services rendered by a marine, river, motor-car, air transport on moving of loads and passengers of other countries; to realization of insurance and credit operations; to handing over in the lease of machines and equipment, and also the real estate abroad; organization of foreign tourism. Export is capital exports in form allotting credit and investing in foreign organizations. Export can be set off as a sale of commodities and services to the foreign persons, firms and organizations located and operating on territory of country-exporter without depending on that, whether they are consumed in this country or taken out for a border.
Import is the import of commodities, services, securities etc. from abroad for realization at the internal market of country. Substituting for an import is substituting by the internal market of the before imported commodities producing of new home products or expansion of volume before produced goods in a country. Substituting for an import takes place naturally and gradually as far as becoming and strengthening of national economy.
Some of the adopted types of services require more detailed consideration:
1. Intermediary services. Mediation comes true by persons that being not representatives, come forward in interests a guarantor, but from the proper name. To such persons a law takes commercial mediators, competitive managers at bankruptcy etc., and also persons entering into negotiations with possible in the future transactions.
2. A mediator is an agent, this is a physical or legal person (firm, organization) that on the basis of agreements of commission with salespeople or customers of commodities seeks out contractors and contracts on its own behalf, but due to a customer.
3. A mediator-representative (simple mediator) is this physical or legal person that on agreements with salespeople and customers seeks out contractors to them.
4. Mediator-attorney, this is a physical or legal person (firm, organization) that on the basis of contracts of agency salespeople or customers of commodities (by principals) are seek out to them contractors and contract with them from the name and due to principals.
5. Mediator-cosignatory, this is the variety of mediator-agent that sells off on its own behalf the commodity put by a salesman on storage of mediator in accordance with the agreement signed between them.
6. Mediator – distribute is a physical or legal person (firm, organization) engaging in resale of commodities of salespeople to the customers. A distributor buys in commodities on its own behalf and for the account (becomes his owner) and resells them to the customers also on its own behalf and for the account.
Exchange trade is trading in commodities and securities at mediation exchanges. Presently through exchanges comes true no less 20 % world trading in raw material and food commodities. Auction is the method of sale of some commodities, at that commodity preliminary proposed for examination. Auctions are commercial organizations, prepossessing corresponding apartments, equipment and skilled personnel. Quite often it is large companies, monopolizing trading in the certain type of commodity. Usually they buy up for the account commodities for producers, dictating purchase prices, and resell to their wholesale mediators. Large auctions have an own production on the revision of raw material commodities.
Auction, this is the method of entering into the contracts of purchase-sale, at that a customer declares a competition for salespeople on a commodity with beforehand certain descriptions and after comparison of the got suggestions signs a contract with the most advantageous salesman. In the process of an auction transaction does not consist, and a future contractor is only determined.
Customers, making decision about placing the orders through auction, create committees that publish announcing auctions, distribute their terms between participants, analyses the presented suggestions and award judgement about the transmission of orders.
Joint enterprise as a type of foreign economic activity is a wide range of different forms of industrial and economic activity of partners two or a few countries, maintenance of that is co-operation in the spheres of production and appeal, in scientific and technical, investment and service areas. The general sign of joint enterprise is a necessity of concordance of economic interests of all participants such the connections. This activity, combining effort, financial means and material resources, long-term guarantee of sale of commodities, systematic updating of products, scientific and production and trade co-operation, participating in a profit, distribution of technical, investment and commercial risks is the basis of.
In practice there is not a difference between kinds and forms of FEA. Every form has the economic and organizational features.
Exemplary classification of forms of FEA of picture 1.3.
Picture 1.3 Forms of external economic connections
Foreign economic activity comes forward the important factor of the financial stabilizing of country. Receivables from FEA (customs fees, VAT, excises) form the large stake of budget.
Russian Federation uses the variety of forms of external economic connections: trading in licenses, leasing, banking system and crediting, informative services, trade, economic clear zones.
The perspective forms of scientific and technical collaboration include trading in licenses, i.e. by permissions on assignment of rights on application of invention, use of industrial prototype, trademark, and also sale of the technologies (now-how) not protected by patents. In the whole world an exchange grows scientific products by rapid rates and already attained large nesses. Our country makes first advances in this direction.
One of forms of EEC between Russia and other countries is leasing, т. of е. long lease of machines and equipment. Advantage of leasing consists in that allows to get necessary technical equipment to payment of overall cost, to avoid charges on repair and carry out substituting of the leased equipment by a new.
Thus, foreign economic activity is inalienable part of economy of any developed state.
External economic connections - this is the complex system of various forms of international cooperation of the states and their subjects in all industries of economy.
Essence of external economic connections as shows up an economic category in their functions [19, p. 81].
External economic connections are an affecting instrument economic system of the state that comes true through the mechanism of foreign economic activity.
In the modern world external economic connections come forward as factors of height of national income of the state, economy of expenses and acceleration of scientific and technical progress.
The classification system of external economic connections consists of forms and types of connections.
Under the guise of external economic connections the totality of connections, incorporated by one general sign, is understood, for example by direction of commodity stream and structural sign.
To the forms of external economic connections take trade, tourism, barter, franchising, leasing of and others.
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