Развитие внешнеэкономических связей РФ с Японией (1228014), страница 12
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2. international confession of the use value of products of world division of labor;
3. organization of international money circulation.
The first function consists of leading to the products, obtained as natural resources and products, got in the process of international division of labor, to the certain consumers through the exchange of products and results of labour in their material and cost form. Organization of exchange envisages maintenance of this exchange.
The second function is completion of act of commodity-money relations and completion of exchange of money on the product of world division of labor, as a result the use value (practical meaningfulness) celled in this product gets international confession.
The third function is creation by means of mechanism of these connections of terms for continuous motion of money in the process of different international calculations.
At the same time, external economic connections play the role of an instrument of affecting economic system of the state that comes true through the mechanism of foreign economic activity.
Presently in a world economy external economic connections come forward as factors of height of national income of the state, economy of pertaining to national economy expenses and acceleration of scientific and technical progress.
Realization of these connections allows to carry an intergovernmental collaboration from an ordinary exchange by commodities on trading in services, joint decision of economic tasks, development of scientific and productive co-operation and other forms of joint economic activity, including creation of joint ventures.
Through the mechanism of international economic connections demand for goods and services of world market is carried to the internal market of one or another state. It causes a requirement in development of productive forces that, in turn, assists development of industry, agriculture, trade, service and financial institutions business.
Internal market of country development conduces to passing of volume of suggestion above the volume of demand into the state that causes expansion of foreign trade operations, reduction of prices of cost of capital and decline of expenses of production and appeal.
Presently there is development of integration processes in the world. They carry objectives, appropriate character and have certain contractual legal basis.
Intergovernmental economic integration is a process of rapprochement and adaptation of separate national economies on the basis of development of steady, deep intercommunications and division of labor, cooperation and interpenetration of their structures on different levels and in different forms [26, p. 77].
On the modern stage two major directions of integration were formed in a world economy: international trade and internationalization of production (with bringing in foreign investments).
Realization of economic connections of the managing subjects of this state with other countries is characterized as foreign economic activity (FEA).
Main direction of foreign economic activity is foreign trade. It embraces the sale of commodities in other countries and acquisition there of necessary commodities. To foreign trade pay services belong in connection with foreign trade transactions of purchase-sale of commodities.
Ability of a country to produce the determined amount of competitive commodities for a foreign market is named export potential. It depends on the mastered natural resources, economic and productive feasibilities, presence of corresponding infrastructure.
The primary objective of development of export is perfection of its structure by the improvement of quality of products and expansion of assortment, perfection of regional pattern and development of progressive forms of international trade and economic cooperation.
In modern terms the achievement of these aims is impossible without active voice of the state, forming favorable economic, organizational, legal and other terms for development of export, and also rendering the different types of support to the home exporters.
As a result of that as there is expansion of external economic connections there is a requirement in new instruments for optimization of participation of country in international specialization, protection of national economy from influence of the negative phenomena in a world economy, assistances to strengthening of positions of home producers in the world market.
It is important for a country is its entering into international organizations.
World experience of the use of external economic connections for overcoming of lag from countries-leaders gives two base models of external economic politics. The first model supposes a primary orientation on export, and second - on import.
The first model was followed at the end of XIX century in the USA, after World War II with the countries of the West, Japan, and the new industrial states.
The second model was chosen in the last two decades by some Latin-American countries.
The characteristic feature of the model of external economic politics in modern terms is orientation on export, limitation of import and achievement of export-import balance.
To a full degree external economic connections will be realized at providing scientifically reasonable prognosis and planning.
Development of external economic sphere of any country is examined as a factor, a stimulant and complementary the internal economic dynamics of country, by means of interlacing national and world reproduction processes, that in the end conduces to the increase of level and quality of life of population.
It is possible to distinguish the following external economic sphere of country:
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Service and organization of international exchange natural resources and results of labor in their material and cost forms;
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World confession of consumer cost of products of international division of labor;
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Organization of international money circulation;
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Increase of GDP of a country and on this basis the height of welfare of a nation.
Through the mechanism of external economic relations demand for goods and services of world market is carried to the internal market separately for states. It causes a requirement in development of productive forces that assists development of industry, agriculture, trade, service and financial institutions business. Further internal market of a country development results in passing of volume of suggestion above the volume of demand into the state, that causes expansion of external economic operations, reduction of prices of cost of capital and decline of expenses of production of appeal.
In respect of aims of foreign economic activity, we attribute: acquaintance with the different aspects of foreign economic activity of enterprises with foreign organizations and firms, and similarly consideration of receptions of research and estimation of perspective aspects of foreign economic activity of an enterprise.
Primary purposes of foreign economic activity:
- it is a change of volume of export and import;
- it is providing the country with necessary resources (by raw material, energy of and others);
- there are changes of correlation of export and imported prices.
For the achievement of these aims the decision of next tasks is needed:
1) study of theoretical bases of international division of labor and international trade;
2) study of receptions and methods of international trade policy;
3) study of methods of the international pricing;
4) study of organization and technique of external economic operations.
C
onsequently, the influence of foreign economic activity on national socio-economic development is laid in a next chart (Picture 1.1).
Picture 1.1 Chart of influence of external economic factor on socio-economic development of a country
The generalized result of development of external economic sphere of a country is:
- economy of folk-economic expenses;
- acceleration of NTP;
- progressive structural changes are in a national economy;
- height of national income of country;
- height of standard of living of population.
Examining from positions of national economy it is necessary to conduct the estimation of efficiency folk-economic and macroeconomic forms of external economic relationships with other countries. It is similarly necessary to take into account that the internal environment of firms and national economies comes forward the sphere of origin of effect, and by the sphere of display of the acquired efficiency is an economic environment.
Coming from the chart of public reproduction, the eventual criterion of folk-economic efficiency is the quality of life of population of country, arrived at by means of:
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establishing connections with world community;
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providing of safety of country;
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adjusting of structures of reproduction of industries of national economy and management organs;
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establishments of rational norms of cost-effective use of resources through the factors of production;
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forming of effective investment politics;
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forming and realizations of social politics;
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creation through the factors of production and investment of optimal structure of reproduction.
An effect from development of external economic connections of country shows up in next spheres:
а) budgetary - due to the inflow of custom payments from the export (import) of commodities and services; increases of tax payments of the enterprises export-oriented and joint with a foreign capital;
b) by an investment - due to the inflow of foreign investments and increase of investments home (from an export);
c) productive - due to modernization of technological and productive base (at the import of equipment, trading in licenses, organization of joint ventures, international financial leasing);
d) social - due to the increase of employment at the increase of export production, opening of joint ventures.
The productivity and competitiveness of production rise as a result, there is the economy growing, the necessities of population are satisfied more fully, prestige of country grows in a world economy.
On the whole, analyzing affects of external economic factor on national economy on a macro level and micro level, it is possible to reduce a direct effect - in a budgetary sphere; direct and indirect - in a productively-investment, and indirect - in social.
Large external dependence of the economy growing in Russia is not unique. In many developed countries of the world (Belgium, Ireland, Holland) prevailing of export in the structure of factors of height is not less. However the main distinctive feature of home economic dynamics is that macroeconomic efficiency is maximal on fuel and raw material products, but not prepared products, i.e. the level of diversification of export streams is minimum.
Thus, it is possible to draw a conclusion, that in spite of opinions of all scientists and economists, of official authorities the effect a country acquires from development of external economic sector, its size and form of display depend on the ability of public organs of power to attain balance of interests with enterprises - participants of FEA.
1.2 Types of external economic connections
Efficiency of organization of external economic connections is determined by classification of connections.
Under classification of external economic connections it is necessary to understand distribution of these connections on certain groups on certain signs for the achievement of the put aims.
The classification system of external economic connections consists of kinds and forms of connections.
Under the guise of external economic connections the totality of connections, incorporated by one general sign, is understood, for example by direction of commodity stream and structural sign [14, p. 82].
A classification sign is determination motion of commodity (services, works) from one country in other, i.e. reflects the export of commodity from a country or import of commodity in a country. On this sign external economic connections are divided by export, that is connected with a sale and export of commodity, and imported, that is related to the purchase and import of commodity. Foreign trade will be realized at the level of connections of companies, corporations and intergovernmental agreements.
The structural sign of classification of external economic connections determines the group composition of connections. It is related to the sphere of economic interests and with the primary purpose of foreign economic activity of the state.
On a structural sign external economic connections are subdivided into foreign trade, financial connections, productive, investment.
Among the major forms of external economic connections it is necessary to distinguish (picture 1.2): foreign trade; credit relations; scientific and technical collaboration with the foreign states; intergovernmental connections in the field of services; currency-financial operations.
Forms of EEC
Foreign trade
Credit relations
Scientific and technical collaboration with the foreign states
Intergovernmental connections in the field of services
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