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– in the process of delivery from the manufacturer to the buyer, goods cross the border of two or more States;

– the contract is signed by the authorized persons whose signatures are verified by counterparties.

The contract includes a set of interrelated conditions fixing individual responsibilities of the partners in the transaction. The structure of the contract, i.e. a set of conditions and their sequence, is determined by the nature of the transaction, the type of goods, aspect ratios, etc. For example, in the sales of machinery and equipment, the contracts include such items as "technical specifications", "technical documentation", "warranty period", "after-sales service." If the sales of goods require the export or import licenses, the contract includes an article "license."

The responsibility for the results of the foreign economic activity is fully taken by the enterprise not only in terms of exports and the conditions of foreign trade transactions, but also in terms of import purchases which are necessary for the development of the export process and import-substituting production.

The participants of the foreign economic activity have a clear idea that the performance of foreign trade, both export and import operations, is within a tough legal framework and requires special attention depending on the conditions of the transaction (deadlines, payments, and other specifics of the goods).Participants of foreign economic activity need to know and understand the order of contract execution, the resident’s sequence of actions after signing the transaction, the performance of all procedures related to the registration of transactions passports, customs clearance, taxes, excise duties and transfer of goods to the buyer for making payments[5].

Export strategy of any enterprise realized through the specific types of foreign trade and forms of international trade known in international practice whose selection is made in the course of its development, and largely determines the target location and the nature of work in the foreign market of exporting producers (figure 1.1).

The possibility of their using depends on many components that are inherent in a particular enterprise, and imposes on him a certain range of obligations. Firstly, the execution of the whole complex of external economic functions and work on the foreign market, to ensure the production processes by necessary investment, production capacity, materials, and components and qualified personnel in order to create competitive export products and to ensure the implementation of exports.

Foreign economic activity

Foreign economic cooperation

Foreign trade activity

International investment cooperation

Foreign trade of goods

Foreign trade of services

Foreign trade of intellectual activity results

Foreign trade of information

International production and technical cooperation

The international scientific and technical cooperation

International monetary and financial cooperation

Foreign economic activity free of charge

Figure 1.1 The main types of foreign trade activities of the enterprise [17]

Currently, the main form of foreign economic activity of Russian companies is the foreign trade activity. Foreign trade is the area of ​​business in the international exchange of goods, services, labor, information and results of intellectual activity related to preparation and implementation of foreign trade operations and transactions. In compliance with the effective legislation in Russia, the organizations of various economic activities and legal forms of ownership stipulated by the National Classification of Economic Activities can be engaged in foreign trade [27].

The basis of the foreign trade activity is the foreign trade operations. Trade operation is a set of contractors’ actions, i.e. foreign partners, aimed at making commodity exchange and providing it. The complete set that specifies the foreign trade operations may include the following aspects: market research into the particular product and its promotion, establishing a marketing network, elaborating the business proposals, conducting negotiations, making conclusions and executing the contracts.

Companies are committed to foreign trade activities for different reasons: in particular, the purchase of raw materials or any goods abroad may be required for the reason that there is no possibility to buy these products from domestic producers. This situation leads to the need for imports. There can be the reverse situation: the company has the products which are more profitable to sell abroad than in their home country, and this results in demand for exports.

In exporting, the foreign trade activities are accompanied by a large amount of work on implementing the preparatory stages of entering the foreign markets and making transactions. Among them is the market research into the external market, сconducting opportunistic and economic forecast of estimates and calculations for ensuring effectiveness of transactions, elaboration of the terms and conditions of the contract, search for a foreign partner.

In addition, the foreign trade activities are connected with the significant attendant operations contributing to the export product promotion from the seller to the foreign buyer. Among them are transport, storage, forwarding, brokerage, consulting, consignment, insurance, settlement and financial and monetary, customs and other operations that are primarily performed through specialized intermediaries[19]. The whole complex of preparatory work requires searching for the necessary information base, its study and elaboration, especially in relation to the tactical options of commodity markets and identification of the circumstances of the work in these markets related to national systems of regulating the import of foreign products.

International investment cooperation as one of the ways of the foreign economic activity is investing capital on the international market in the investment objects for the purpose of earning interests, dividends and obtaining the right to participate in making management decisions of the foreign company [10]. The functioning capital outflow is carried out in the two main forms: direct and portfolio investment. In the first form, the owner of the invested capital acquires the right to control over a company in the other country, in the second form: he does not get such a right.

Direct investments are made in various ways. In some cases, companies or banks set up subsidiaries abroad, they build their businesses there, found specialized companies which operate mainly abroad, and buy foreign companies. Herewith, the foreign investments fully belong to owner ship of the company that exports capital. In other cases, the owner of сapital acquires the сcontrolling block of shares which is usually 25% or more of its share capital. These methods are used by companies of those or other countries. The US companies often establish their own overseas branches or buy controlling stakes in foreign companies.

The second type of international investment is a portfolio foreign investment. Portfolio foreign investments are capital investments that are made by the investors through the instruments of international and national stock markets and do not provide the investors with control over companies and limit its authority by getting share of profits (dividends).

International industrial cooperation as part of the foreign economic activity of enterprises is also a form of cooperation between the foreign partners in different but structurally interconnected processes of technological division of labor. Process of labor division means the distribution of its participants in the chain of manufacturing and selling the products based on its main phases – from studying the demands on the domestic and foreign markets to bringing it to the end consumers. Industrial cooperation with foreign partners is typical of the homogeneous sphere of production and the focus in the direction of science and technology, investment and service development, for instance, in the manufacturing industry [1]. In the international practice, ‘production cooperation’ is understood as a joint activity in which observance of the number of necessary conditions is provided:

– obligatory presence as the immediate subjects of industrial cooperation between industrial companies and enterprises of different countries;

– distribution between the partners of production and technical tasks within the agreed program;

– industrial specialization assignment to each of the partners based on the main objectives of cooperation agreements;

– implementation of mutual or one-sided supply of goods with the realization of production programs within the framework of cooperation among partners;

–determination in contractual agreements the main target functions and the cooperation object;

– long-term and stability production and economic relations between the partners;

– coordination of the foreign partners’ economic activity in the agreed area of the activity chosen as a main component of such a cooperation.

Partners’ consistency within the framework of industrial cooperation is achieved by:

– joint planning for export and import product output; also, on the long-term basis;

– forecasting and joint implementing the information development, providing them with the necessary materials, test facilities and scientific and technical documentation;

– organizing the production processes for experimental output;

• training of specialists.

In this case, the partners’ property in international industrial cooperation is not isolated, but cooperation is built on a reimbursable basis and on the principle of direct contacts between manufacturers of similar products.

Another important form of the foreign economic activity is an international scientific and technical cooperation. It includes trade of licenses, know-how and technology, joint research and development, implementation of major engineering projects, construction of companies and other projects, exploration, training of national personnel. Unlike the exchange of products, the scientific and technical exchange is particularly characterized by the repeated use of the exchange object. The cost of the products manufactured in the field of science and technology does not decrease as a result of their use, but only obsolescence becomes the limit [12].

On the one hand, monetary and credit operations in the form of the foreign economic activity are considered as accompanying the foreign trade in the form of financial liabilities for the provision of payment; on the other hand, they are considered as individual transactions in order to avoid exchange losses.

Among all the forms of the foreign economic activity, the determinative role belongs to the foreign trade activity contributing to a more efficient allocation and production factor use, accomplishment of international labor division advantages and increase in the national economy competitiveness.

1.2 Classification of the enterprise commercial operations in foreign trade

Foreign trade as one of the main types of foreign economic activity is carried out through commercial transactions, i.e. the certain technical methods for the preparation and implementation of trade cooperation.

International commercial operations are a set of basic and secondary operations which are carried out on a commercial basis between counterparties of different countries for the transactions that are made by the foreign trade agreements or the contracts [6].

The objects of international commercial transactions are tangible products and services including the results of industrial and scientific-technical cooperation, taking in exchange the form of the product. These objects determine the types of the commercial transactions carried out on the world market.

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