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The main content of the compensation operation is the sale of production equipment on the conditions of the commercial loans with the following debt repayment by counter delivery of products produced with the help of the received equipment. This is the most complex form of countertrade. Sometimes he termed «reverse purchase» [36].

The main incentive of concluding the majority of compensation agreements is to avoid the transfer of foreign currency. For this it is used сlearing form of payment in which after shipping of goods its payment requirements made on clearing account in the country of importer, and then met by a corresponding counter delivery. Another incentive and advantage of compensation agreements is that they provide an opportunity to develop or organize a new manufacturing investing only in the construction and installation works, and received imported equipment pay off finished goods.

The essence of such transactions is that a country that has resources, but does not have sufficient production capacity for processing, sends a part of the raw materials for recycling in another country and pay for that by part of the product. Raw materials which is transmitted to the processing, and then returns to the form of the finished product is called tolling. Tolling is raw materials, products transferred without payment by their owners to other organizations for the recycling of the contract.

The volume of raw materials should provide the following:

– receiving the required quantity of finished goods;

– payment of costs by processing company ;

– receiving profit on capital invested in recycling process by processing company.

The need for such operations arises from the uneven development of raw material extraction and production capacity of its processing. The obligations of the parties on the supply of raw materials and goods imports are issued by one contract specifying the cost of the raw materials and the finished products.

The effectiveness of operations on tolling for the supplier is guaranteed if the cost of products obtained after processing on the world market is higher than the cost of raw material. Using the tolling is cost-effective in the following cases:

– it is beneficial to use cheap labor in the developing countries in the processing of raw materials (if it does not lead to deterioration in quality of the finished product);

– when the country-supplier of raw materials does not have sufficient capacities for its processing;

– if the sources of cheap raw materials and cheap electricity are located in the opposite parts of the globe [26].

Purchase of the previously used equipment is a form of counter-trade; it is made against the acquisition of the retailer of its new improved species. The cost of the purchased equipment is included in the payment for the new technique. Among the types of the purchased equipment machinery are: passenger cars, freight trains, computers, duplicating equipment, ships, certain types of universal metalworking and woodworking machinery, agricultural machinery occupy the largest volume.

Purchase of the previously used equipment is an effective commercial technique of counter operations because:

– for the exporter, it is an opportunity to sell more advanced and more expensive products;

– for the importer, it is an opportunity not only to sell the obsolete equipment, but also to sell its for residual value, i.e. to consider it in the cost of the new purchased equipment. The cost of the purchased equipment is included in the payment for the new equipment, and it is 10-20% of the cost of the new equipment depending on the condition of equipment and other characteristics [38].

Purchase of the previously used equipment is a powerful factor in accelerating sales of the new models. Even the world's largest manufacturers use this method of sales promotion.

Deliveries for packaging are also barter transactions. With this deal, the importer of large equipment, for instance, complete sets of equipment, buys a piece of equipment and instruments for a complete set. The customer is usually motivated by this condition because his domestic equipment is more convenient to operate than the foreign one; though in fact, it is caused by the desire to save the foreign currency. The subject of the contract for a complete set supply can be any complex complete equipment and plants, but the equipment accessories and parts are mainly standard motors, pumps, batteries, etc.

International practice of export-import transactions requires the implementation of certain business activities consisting of the individual steps and stages, each solves a specific problem and performs the formalities connected with processing, shipment and processing of documentation required for the execution of the transaction.

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