2003 Лекции по философии (1184469), страница 21
Текст из файла (страница 21)
Bh]Zgg=hleb[Nbol_ ± jh^beky \ [_^ghc fgh]h^_lghck_fv_ldZqZ\<hklhqghcKZdkhgbbIjbihfhsbf_p_gZlZhgihemqbe\hafh`ghklvh[mqZlvky\mgb\_jkbl_lZoB_gubE_cipb]ZihhdhgqZgbbmgb\_jkbl_lZ\]h^mgZqbgZ_l jZ[hlZlv ^hfZrgbf mqbl_e_f < ]h^m hg _^_l \ D_gb]k[_j] ]^_ DZgl h^h[jy_lh^bgbaljm^h\Nbol_\wlhli_jbh^\a]ey^unbehkhnh\_sz[ueb[ebadbK]h^Zfukebl_evy\ey_lkyijhn_kkhjhfB_gkdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZh^gZdh\nbehkhnZm\hevgyxlaZZl_bklbq_kdb_\ukdZau\ZgbyBf_ggha^_kvNbol_ibr_lk\hbhkgh\gu_khqbg_gby©Hkgh\u \k_h[s_]h gZmdhmq_gby» (1794), «Hkgh\u _kl_kl\_ggh]h ijZ\Z \ukdZaZggu_ kh]eZkghijbgpbiZfgZmdhmq_gby» (1796), «Kbkl_fZmq_gbchgjZ\kl\_gghklb» (1798).101<iehlv ^h ]h^Z nbehkhn `be \ ;_jebg_ [_^kl\my b ijh^he`Zy ibkZlv \ dg_fm ijbreb ijb]eZr_gby kjZam ba ^\mo mgb\_jkbl_lh\ ± OZjvdh\Z b WjeZg]_gZ < dhg_qghfblh]_Nbol_\u[jZeWjeZg]_g]^_\l_q_gb_ke_^mxsbo^\moe_lqblZee_dpbbihnbehkhnbbIhke_aZo\ZlZIjmkkbbGZihe_hghffukebl_evaZgbfZ_lkyh[s_kl\_gghcjZ[hlhcky\gufiZljbhlbq_kdbf mdehghf qlh \uau\Z_l g_^h\hevkl\h hddmiZglh\ L_f g_ f_g__ \]h^mNbol_klZgh\blky^_dZghfnbehkhnkdh]hnZdmevl_lZ;_jebgkdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZbhklZzlkygZwlhfihklm\l_q_gb_ljzoe_lIhke_^gb_]h^u`bagbfukebl_evijh^he`Z_laZgbfZlvkyh[s_kl\_gghcjZ[hlhchgmfbjZ_l\^hklZlhqghfheh^hf\hajZkl_]h^ZaZjZab\rbkvlbnhfhlk\h_c`_gujZ[hlZ\r_cf_^k_kljhcGZmdhmq_gb_ Nbol_ kqblZ_l qlh nbehkhnby ± gZmdZ Z ihlhfm ^he`gZ ij_^klZ\eylvkh[hckljh]mxeh]bq_kdmx kbkl_fm ml\_j`^_gbc bkoh^ysbobaijhqguo b [_kkihjguo hkgh\Nbehkhnby^he`gZklZlvgZmdhchgZmdZobihagZgb_fijhp_kkh\ihagZgbylh_klvgZmdhmq_gb_f <kzl\hjq_kl\hNbol_ihk\ys_ghbf_ggh wlhc p_eb ± ij_\jZlblv nbehkhnbx \gZmdhmq_gb_l_fg_f_g__klj_fe_gb_dmihjy^hq_gghklbhdZau\Z_lkyg_hq_gvkbevgufmNbol_\hlebqb_hlKibghaug_lgbZdkbhfgbl_hj_fohlyij_l_gabygZkha^Zgb__^bghc\aZbfhk\yaZgghcdhgp_ipbb[_amkeh\ghijhke_`b\Z_lkyBlZd^eyihkljh_gbygZmdhmq_gbylj_[mxlkydZdb_lhijhqgu_b[_kkihjgu_hkgh\Zgby ]jm[h ]h\hjy lj_[m_lky mdZaZlv gZqZeh ebg_cghc ko_fu jZa\blby DZglZ h[eZ^Zxs__\k_h[sghklvxbg_h[oh^bfhklvx±kfHkh[_gghklbihabpbbDbk_ez\Zbkoh^ghcihkuedhc ^ey Nbol_ klZgh\blky m[_`^zgghklv \ Z[khexlghc k\h[h^_ km[t_dlZ ijb ihagZgbbfbjZIhwlhcijbqbg_nbehkhn\\h^blihgylb_©YªdZdljZgkp_g^_glZevghcZii_jp_ipbb,lh_klv\k_]hh[s_]h\khagZgbbex^_chkgh\hcgZmdhmq_gbyklZgh\ylkyljbijbgpbiZ©ih\_^_gbyª©Yªghhgbog_kdhevdhgb`_IhdZg_h[oh^bfhkdZaZlvh[bgl_ee_dlmZevghcbglmbpbb±ki_pbZevghf\b^_ihagZgbydhlhjucgZijZ\e_g\gmljvq_eh\_dZbiheghklvxhlj_rzghlqm\kl\_ggh]h\hkijbylbyBf_gghlZdb_mfhajbl_evgu_bglmbpbb^he`gukhklZ\eylvgZmdhmq_gb_y\eyykvhkgh\guff_lh^hfihagZgbyNbol_lZd`_hij_^_ey_lbodZd\he_\h_mkbeb_^moZLZdbfh[jZahf\u^_eyxlkykm[t_dluh[eZ^Zxsb_\he_c±nbehkhnhlghkbl bo d wfibjbq_kdbf ©yª k\h_h[jZaguf ijhba\h^guf ©Yª JZa]jZgbq_gb_ ©Yª b ©yªhdZau\Z_lkyqj_a\uqZcgh\Z`guf^eyNbol_ihkdhevdmbf_gghhghkiZkZ_l\kxdhgp_ipbxhl kdZlu\Zgby \ khebikbaf kf DZjlbgZ fbjZ wfibjbq_kdb_ ©yª fgh]hqbke_ggu bij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hcjZaebqgu_khagZgbylh]^ZdZd_^bgh_©Yªy\ey_lkyg_kmsghklvxkhagZgbyghkbf\hehf^_ckl\bywlh]hkhagZgby\hafh`ghklvxihagZ\Zl_evghc^_yl_evghklbbihemq_gby_zj_amevlZlh\Bf_gghihwlhcijbqbg_g_evay]h\hjblvhkms_kl\h\ZgbbfbjZ\ij_^klZ\e_gbyo©Yªbke_^h\Zl_evghh[ty\eylv©Yª;h]hfihke_^g__Nbol_\kz`_k^_eZ_l>bZe_dlbdZ©YªKmsghklv^_yl_evghklb©Yªhij_^_ey_lkylj_fyiheh`_gbyfb: 1) ©Yªihjh`^Z_l ©Yª bgZq_ ©Yª ml\_j`^Z_l k_[y kZfh Kfuke wlh]h ml\_j`^_gby khklhbl \lhfqlhbf_ggh©YªZg_qlhlh^jm]h_©aZimkdZ_lªijhp_kkihagZgbyy\eyykv_]hijbqbghclh_klvbijbqbghck_[yLZdbfh[jZahf©Yª±ZgZeh]_^bghckm[klZgpbbKibghaukf Mq_gb_ h km[klZgpbb ©Yª ihjh`^Z_l ©g_Yª bgZq_ ©Yª ijhlb\hiheZ]Z_l k_[y«g_Yª Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh ^ey kh[kl\_ggh]h kZfhhij_^_e_gby ©Yª gm`^Z_lky \ qzflh hlebqghfhlkZfh]hk_[ylh_klv\g_dhlhjhcijhlb\hiheh`ghklbk_[y>jm]bfbkeh\ZfbgZqbgZxsbcky ijhp_kk ihagZgby ^he`_g bf_lv dZdhclh h[t_dl b ihemqZlv hldm^Zlh kh^_j`Zgb_ihwlhcijbqbg_ijhbkoh^blhlqm`^_gb_©Yª «g_Yª©Yªihjh`^Z_l©Yªb©g_Yªh^gh\j_f_gghbgZq_khagZgb_iheZ]Z_lbh[t_^bgy_l\k_[_©Yªb©g_Yª<lhjZynhjfmebjh\dZ[_amkeh\ghagZqbl_evghykg__bmdZau\Z_lgZlhqlhkhagZgb_kh_^bgy_l\k_[_kZfijhp_kkihagZgby\\b^_©Yªb_]hj_amevlZlu\\b^_©g_YªI_j\Zynhjfmebjh\dZijba\ZgZih^q_jdgmlv^bZe_dlbdmljzoml\_j`^_gbc^\_ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb©Yªb©g_Yªh[t_^bgyxlky h[jZamy kbgl_a ± khagZgb_ L_f g_ f_g__ lZdZy ^bZe_dlbdZ hdZau\Z_lky ih kh\j_f_gguff_jdZf©g_iheghp_gghcª±ijhlb\hiheh`ghklbg_gZoh^ylky\khklhygbb[hjv[uZihlhfmijbqbguihy\e_gbykbgl_aZg_hq_\b^gu102Ljb\_kvfZZ[kljZdlguoihklmeZlZmq_gbyNbol_iha\heyxlihemqblvjy^[he__ihgylguobdhgdj_lguoke_^kl\bc<i_j\mxhq_j_^vihZgZeh]bbkwfibjbq_kdbfb©yªkms_kl\mxl b wfibjbq_kdb_ ©g_yª ± we_f_glu ijbjh^u ± h[jZamxsb_ k ©yª iZjm ih^qbgzgguoijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c L_i_jv ijhykgy_lky h[sbc ©iZnhkª ^bZe_dlbdb ©Yª _^bgbqgu_ khagZgbylh_klvihkmlb^_eZdhgdj_lgu_ex^bihagZxlijbjh^mijbwlhfihemq_ggh_agZgb_ hij_^_ey_lky kmsghklvx ©Yª lh _klv f_oZgbafZfb ihagZgby ihkdhevdm kZfb ©g_yªihjh`^Zxlky ©Yª LZdh\Zhglheh]byNbol_gh_klvb^jm]b_ ke_^kl\by ba ihklmeZlh\ WlhaZdhgunhjfZevghceh]bdbbai_j\h]hml\_j`^_gby\ul_dZ_laZdhglh`^_kl\Zba\lhjh]h±aZdhgg_\hafh`ghklbijhlb\hj_qbybalj_lv_]h±aZdhg^hklZlhqgh]hhkgh\Zgby©Yªy\ey_lky ^hklZlhqguf hkgh\Zgb_f \k_]h kms_kl\mxs_]h Ba ^bZe_dlbdb ©Yª lZd`_ fh`gh ba\e_qvhkgh\gu_nbehkhnkdb_dZl_]hjbbqlhiha\hey_l]h\hjblvhdZl_]hjbZevghckljmdlmj_khagZgby©yªBlZdnbehkhnih^\h^blhglheh]bq_kdmxhkgh\mih^mq_gb_DZglZhkhagZgbbkoh`bcih^oh^j_Zebam_lkyijbjZkkfhlj_gbbwlbq_kdbo\hijhkh\Mq_gb_hk\h[h^_LhqghlZd`_dZd©g_Yªg_h[oh^bfh^eykZfhml\_j`^_gby©Yª©g_yªg_h[oh^bfh^eykZfhml\_j`^_gby©yªlh_klvq_eh\_dhkhagZzlk_[ylhevdhijb\hkijbylbbk\h_]hhlebqbyhlijbjh^uIhwlhfmijbjh^Zy\ey_lkyg_h[oh^bfufmkeh\b_fkms_kl\h\Zgby q_eh\_dZ < qzf `_ lh]^Z jhev kZfh]h q_eh\_dZ _keb ijbjh^Z kha^Zzlky ©Yª Z g_©yª" A^_kv Nbol_ \gh\v \kihfbgZ_l h kmsghklb ©yª ± gZebqbb \heb dhlhjZy _kl_kl\_gghgZijZ\e_gZ gZ ©g_yª h^gZdh p_evx wlhc \heb y\ey_lky ihagZgb_ ijbjh^u gh g_ kha^Zgb_hdjm`Zxs_]hfbjZKlj_fe_gb_dihagZgbxihNbol_y\ey_lkyimlzffhjZevghckZfhj_ZebaZpbbq_eh\_dZLZdkha^Zzlkyhglheh]bq_kdZy[ZaZ^eydZl_]hjbq_kdh]hbfi_jZlb\ZDZglZh^gZdh kZfZ nhjfmebjh\dZ gjZ\kl\_ggh]h aZdhgZ g_kdhevdh baf_gy_lky Ijb baeh`_gbbkmsghklb gZmdhmq_gby hlf_qZehkv qlh bkoh^ghc ihkuedhc y\ey_lky Z[khexlgZy k\h[h^Zkm[t_dlZ \ ijhp_kk_ ihagZgby khhl\_lkl\_ggh dZl_]hjbq_kdbc bfi_jZlb\ ih Nbol_ a\mqblke_^mxsbf h[jZahf k\h[h^Z _klv kZfZ fhjZev ihdm^Z hgZ g_ gZjmrZ_l k\h[h^m ^jm]bo©yªA^_kv\kz^hklZlhqghqzldhbeh]bqghh^gZdhjZa]h\hjhfhjZebgZwlhfg_aZdZgqb\Z_lkyIhNbol_fhjZevgZykZfhj_ZebaZpby©yªijhbkoh^blg_lhevdhq_j_aihagZgb_ijbjh^ughbq_j_aih[_^mgZ^g_cKhhl\_lkl\_gghk\h[h^Z\hafh`gZlhevdhq_j_a^_yl_evghklv±fhjZevgu_ZdlugZijZ\ey_fu_dZl_]hjbq_kdbfbfi_jZlb\hfbf_ggh^_yl_evghklvNbol_kqblZ_l h[t_dlb\ghc k\h[h^hc \ hlebqb_ hl km[t_dlb\ghc k\h[h^u dZd ihagZgghc g_h[oh^bfhklbKibghaukfK\h[h^Zbg_h[oh^bfhklvMl\_j`^_gb_\hh[s_]h\hjylZ\lheh]bqgh_k\h[h^Z\hafh`gZebrvq_j_aZdluy\eyxsb_kyk\h[h^gufb:\wlhfgbdlhbg_khfg_\Zeky- <hijhk \ ^jm]hf ihq_fm k\h[h^Z ihagZgby \^jm] hdZau\Z_lky k\h[h^hc ^_yl_evghklb"H^gZdh^Zevr_gZqbgZxlky_sz[he__aZ]Z^hqgu_ \_sbhdZau\Z_lkyqlh g_h[oh^bfhc khklZ\eyxs_c ih[_^u gZ^ ©g_yª y\ey_lky hldZa hl qm\kl\_ggh]h \hkijbylby Gh^ey[hjv[uk©g_yª_]h\kz`_gm`ghdZdlhihagZ\Zlvlh_klvqm\kl\_gghklv\kzlZdbgm`gZ < blh]_ jZamf ^he`_g kh_^bgblvky k qm\kl\_gghklvx nhjfbjmy _^bgmx \hex d ihagZgbx ijb wlhf bkq_ag_l jZagbpZ f_`^m e_]Zevgufb b fhjZevgufb ihklmidZfb kf ©DjblbdZ ijZdlbq_kdh]h jZamfZª qlh jZaj_rbl hkgh\gmx ijh[e_fm wlbdb DZglZ H^gZdhih^h[gh_kebygb_\hafh`ghebrv©gZ[_kdhg_qghklbªlh_klvimlvdiheghcfhjZevghckZfhj_ZebaZpbb±ihklhyggZy^_yl_evghklvIhke_^gb_ml\_j`^_gbydZ`mlkydjZcg_gZlygmlufbbg_ajy-©G_yª\hh[s_]h\hjy \kz jZ\gh dZdb_ qZklb khagZgby _]h ihagZxl b qm\kl\_gghklv b jZamf fh]ml [ulv gZijZ\e_gu lhevdh gZ ©g_yª ihkdhevdm [hevr_ ijhklh g_dm^Z IhagZgb_ ©Yª rmldZ djZcg_kljZggZy \_^v ©Yª ± g_ kmsghklv khagZgby gh ^_ckl\b_ ^_ckl\b_ ih kha^Zgbx ©g_Yª Z\f_kl_ k gbf b ©g_yª Fh`gh \hkijbgbfZlv ©g_Yª dZd h[sb_ aZdhgu ijbjh^u lh]^Z wlh^_ckl\bl_evgh h[t_dl ihagZgby jZamfZ gh ki_pbZevguo mdZaZgbc gZ ih^h[gmx ljZdlh\dmg_lDlhfm`_djhf_ijbjh^u_klvb^jm]hch[t_dlihagZgby±h[s_kl\hbf_oZgbafu_]h^_yl_evghklb Nbol_ g_ jZatykgy_l hldm^Z [_jzlky kmsghklv lZdbo ijhp_kkh\ ;he__ lh]hk\yav e_]Zevghklb k qm\kl\_gghklvx Z fhjZevghklb k jZamfhf \hh[s_ [_ahkgh\Zl_evgZ ihdjZcg_cf_j_ijh[e_fZDZglZg_gZoh^blj_r_gby±\_^vmNbol_ijhklhg_l\_s_c\k_[_103IjbqbgZ\k_owlbogZly`_dih\b^bfhfmh^gZ±g_h[oh^bfhklvh[hkgh\Zgbyk\h[h^u^_yl_evghklbZg_lhevdhk\h[h^uihagZgby;hevrhfmklhjhggbdmj_\hexpbbNbol_lj_[h\Zehkv ml\_j^blv g_h[oh^bfhklv ijZdlbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb b hg k^_eZe wlh ijZ\^Z aZ\_jrb\^hklZlhqghkljhcgh_gZmdhmq_gb_g_kebrdhf\gylgufjZa^_ehfNbgZehfklZeZh[sZyw\hexpbyfukebl_ey\klhjhgmj_eb]bbk\hkijbylb_f©YªdZd;h]Zklhys_]h\ur_ex^_cbhij_^_eyxs_]hbo\hexLZdfh`gh[uehh[hkgh\Zlv\hh[s_\kzqlhm]h^ghijZ\^Zex[u_km`^_gby\wlhfkemqZ_\jy^ebbf_xl[hevrhckfuke-.Blh]bG_^hklZldbmq_gbyNbol_m`_[uebhlf_q_guD^hklhbgkl\Zfke_^m_lhlg_klb^\Zfhf_glZhglheh]bq_kdh_h[hkgh\Zgb_mq_gbyDZglZbkha^Zgb_i_j\hc\bklhjbbnbehkhnbb^bZe_dlbq_kdhc©ljbZ^uªl_abk±Zglbl_abk±kbgl_a>Z`_ijbhlf_q_gguo©g_^hjZ[hldZoªljbiheh`_gbymq_gbyh©YªhdZaZebkvg_h[uqZcghkms_kl\_ggufb^eyihke_^mxsbonbehkhnh\kh[kl\_ggh]h\hjygm`gh[uehijh^he`Zlv\lhf`_^mo_±lh_klvbkdZlvZgZeh]bqgu_ljbZ^u\^jm]boqZklyomq_gbyL_fg_f_g__^eyNbol_ihemq_gb_ljbZ^uih\b^bfhfmg_bf_eh[hevrh]hagZq_gbyb[uehebrvkemqZcghklvxIhwlhcijbqbg_bh[sbc\deZ^Nbol_\deZkkbq_kdmxg_f_pdmxnbehkhnbxg_kebrdhf\_ebd_]hmq_gb_y\ghf_jdg_lgZnhg_DZglZkha^Z\r_]hjy^ijbgpbibZevghgh\uob^_cZg_ijhklhijb^mfZ\r_]h g_db_ iheh`_gby oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ ©Yª b hdZaZ\rb_ky ]_gbZevghc ^h]Z^dhc Z g_khagZl_evghmklZgh\e_gghcaZdhghf_jghklvx^eyh[hkgh\Zgbydhgp_ipbbDZglZHkh[_gghklbihabpbbDbk_ez\ZWlbq_kdh_mq_gb_dZdb\kemqZ_DZglZg_mihfbgZ_lky:ihlhfm\kz\u]ey^bl^hklZlhqghkljhcgh\dexqZyljZdlh\dmDbk_ez\Zml\_j`^Z_lkyqlh aZ^Zq_c Nbol_ klZe ihbkd gZqZeZ ebg_cghc ko_fu jZa\blby DZglZ : kZfuf ijhklufkihkh[hf[m^_laZfudZgb_ijyfhc\djm]h[hkgh\u\Zxs__k_[ykZfhL_fg_f_g__ljbiheh`_gby^bZe_dlbdb©Yª^ZxlkibjZevlZddZdh^gh©Yª\ijhp_kk_ihagZgbyihjh`^Z_lgZwlZi_ kbgl_aZ g_dhlhjh_ ^jm]h_ ©Yª ©h[h]Zszggh_ª gh\uf agZgb_f AZ^Zq_c R_eebg]Z b=_]_eyklZehhdhgqZl_evgh_aZfudZgb_ijyfhch[t_^bg_gb_\bldh\kibjZebNjb^jboR_eebg];bh]jZnbybkhqbg_gby.