Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 47
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механизмов и роботовразмером с молекулунепосредственнаяманипуляцияатомамиимолекулами.Благодаря стремительному прогрессу в такихтехнологиях, как оптика, нанолитография, механохимия и3D прототипирование, нанореволюция может произойтиуже в течение следующего десятилетия. Когда это случится,нанотехнологииокажут влияние практически на всеобласти промышленности и общества.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.UBIQUITOUS COMPUTINGRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:discrete - дискретныйubiquitous - повсеместный, вездесущийpervasive - распространенный, всеобъемлющийto communicate - сообщать, передаватьto tag - добавлятьto track - прослеживатьto predict - прогнозироватьtiny - крошечныйto embed - встраиватьto run out - кончаться, истощатьсяambient - окружающийto attune (to) – настраивать (на)dashboard - информационная панельcue - сигнал, намек281seamlessly - легко, беспрепятственно, без проблемwearable - носимыйTraditionally people have thought of computers as discretedevices used for specific purposes such as to send e-mail orbrowse the Web.
However, many researchers and futurists arelooking toward a new paradigm that is rapidly emerging.Ubiquitous (or pervasive) computing focuses not on individualcomputers and tasks but on a world where most objects(including furniture and appliances) have the ability tocommunicate information. Kevin Ashton, a British technologistwho created a system for tagging and tracking objects usingradio frequencies, has predicted a future where everything isconnected to the internet via tiny computer chips embeddedwithin, or as he called it “the Internet of things”. A fridge isalready available with an on-board computer, allowing it toknow its contents, order food when you run out and evensuggest suitable recipes, before setting the oven to the rightcooking temperature.
It is also currently possible to control anentire room- the thermostat, light switch, TV, stereo etc.- allfrom a tablet or smartphone using wirelessly connected chips ineach of the controlled devices.“The internet of things” can be viewed as the third phase in aprocess where the emphasis has gradually shifted fromindividual desktops (1980s) to the network and Internet (1990s)to mobile presence and the ambient environment.Some examples of ubiquitous computing might include:- picture frames that display pictures attuned to the user’sactivities- “dashboard” devices that can be set to display changinginformation such as weather and stock quotes- parking meters that can provide verbal directions to nearbyattractions- kiosks or other facilities to provide verbal cues to guidetravelers, such as through airports282- home monitoring systems that can sense and deal withaccidents or health emergencies.Ubiquitous computing greatly increases the ability of people toseamlessly access information for their daily activities.
But thefact that the user is in effect “embedded” in the network canalso raise issues of privacy and the receiving of unwantedadvertising or other information.An early center of research in ubiquitous computing was XeroxPARC, famous for its development of graphical user interface.Today a major force is MIT, especially its Project Oxygen, whichexplores networks of embedded computers.
This challengingresearch area brings together aspects of many other fields(artificial intelligence, distributed computing, psychology ofcomputing, smart buildings and homes, touchscreen, userinterface, and wearable computers).Notes:XeroxPARC (Xerox Palo Alto Research Center) - научноисследовательский центр, основанный в 1970. В 2002 годуPARC стал отдельной компанией (в собственности Xerox)MIT - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyProject Oxygen- исследовательский проект MIT дляразработки вездесущих вычисленийAssignments1.
Translate the sentences from the text into Russian inwriting paying attention to the underlined words andphrases:1. “The internet of things” can be viewed as the thirdphase in a process where the emphasis has graduallyshifted from individual desktops (1980s) to the networkand Internet (1990s) to mobile presence and the ambientenvironment.2832. But the fact that the user is in effect “embedded” in thenetwork can also raise issues of privacy.2.
Answer the following questions:1. What is ubiquitous computing?2. A British technologist K. Ashton has predicted “theInternet of things”. What does this mean?3. Give examples of ubiquitous computing.4. What are “the two sides of the coin” when usingubiquitous computing in daily life?5. Who deals with the research in ubiquitous computing?3.
Translate into English:Интернет вещей (The Internet of Things, IoT) концепция вычислительной сети физических объектов(«вещей»), оснащенных встроенными технологиями длявзаимодействия друг с другом или с внешней средой.Организациятакихсетейспособноперестроитьэкономические и общественные процессы, исключая изчасти действий и операций необходимость участиячеловека.Идея Интернета вещей сама по себе очень проста.Представим, что все окружающие нас предметы иустройства (домашние приборы, одежда, продукты,автомобили, промышленное оборудование и др.) снабженыминиатюрными идентификационными и сенсорнымиустройствами.
Тогда при наличии необходимых каналовсвязи с ними можно не только отслеживать эти объекты иих параметры в пространстве и во времени, но и управлятьими, а также включать информацию о них в общую«умную планету».Концепциясформулированав1999годукакосмысление перспектив широкого применения средстврадиочастотной идентификации для взаимодействия284физических объектов между собой и с внешнимокружением.
Внедрение практических решений для еереализации начиная с 2010 года считается восходящимтрендом в информационных технологиях, прежде всего,благодаря повсеместному распространению беспроводныхсетей, появлению облачных вычислений, развитиютехнологии межмашинного взаимодействия и др.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.SUPERCOMPUTERSRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:successive - последующий, преемственныйat a clock speed - с тактовой частотойto take advantage of - воспользоватьсяentire - целый, полныйthe ultimate - в конечном итогеformerly - раньшеto soak up - впитывать, поглощатьprotein - белокcost-effective - рентабельныйdistributed - распределенныйto feature - показывать, изображатьsynergistic processing element - ядро специальногоназначенияad hoc- специальный, на данный случайto parcel out - выделять, делить на частиextraterrestrial - внеземнойproximity - близостьmesh - сетка, ячейкаto rank - классифицировать285high-performance computing - высокопроизводительныевычисленияbenchmark - отметка, стандарт, эталонный тестto retain - сохранять.
удерживатьThe term supercomputer is not really an absolute term describinga unique type of computer. Rather it has been used throughsuccessive generations of computer design to describe thefastest, most powerful computers available at a given time.However, what makes these machines the fastest is usuallytheir adoption of a new technology or computer architecturethat later finds its way into standard computers.The first supercomputer is generally considered to be theControl Data CDC 6600, designed by Seymour Cray in 1964.The speed of this machine came from its use of the new fastersilicon (rather than germanium) transistors and its ability to runat a clock speed of 10 MHz (a speed that would be achieved bypersonal computers by the middle 1980s).Cray then left CDC to form Cray Research.
He designed theCray I in 1976, the first of a highly successful series ofsupercomputers. The Cray I took advantage of a newtechnology: integrated circuits, and new architecture: vectorprocessing, in which a single instruction can be applied to anentire series of numbers simultaneously. This innovationmarked the use of parallel processing as one of thedistinguishing features of supercomputers.The next generation, the Cray X-MP carried parallelism furtherby incorporating multiple processors ( the successor, Cray YMP, had 8 processors which together could perform a billionfloating point operations per second (1 gigaflop).Soon other companies (particularly the Japanese manufacturesNEC and Fujitsu) entered the market.
The number of processorsin supercomputers increased to as many as 1,024, which canexceed 1 trillion floating-point operations per second (1teraflop)286The ultimate in multiprocessing is the series of ConnectionMachines built by Thinking Machines Inc. (TMI) and designedby Daniel Hillis. These machines have up to 65,000 very simpleprocessors that run simultaneously and can form connectionsdynamically, somewhat like the process in the human brain.These “massively parallel” machines are thus attractive forartificial intelligence research.As the power of standard computers continuous to grow,applications that formerly required a multimillion-dollarsupercomputer can now run on a desktop workstation.On the other hand there are always applications that will soakup whatever computing power can be brought to bear on them.These include: analysis of new aircraft designs, weather andclimate models, the study of nuclear reactions, and the creationof models for the synthesis of proteins.For many applications it may be more cost-effective to buildsystems with numerous coordinated processors (a sort ofsuccessor to the 1980s Connection Machine).
For example, theBeowolf architecture involves “clusters” of ordinary PCscoordinated by software running on UNIX or Linux. The use offree software and commodity PCs can make this approachattractive, though application software still has to be rewrittento run on the distributed processors.A new resource for parallel supercomputing came from anunlikely place: the new generation of cell processors found ingame consoles such as the Sony Playstation 3. This architecturefeatures tight integration of a central “power processorelement” with multiple “synergistic processing elements”.Finally, an ad hoc “supercomputer” can be created almost forfree, using software that parcels out calculation tasks tothousands of computers participating via the Internet, as withSETI@Home (searching for extraterrestrial radio signals) andFolding@Home (for protein-folding analysis).
In anotherapproach, a large number of dedicated processors are placed inclose proximity to each other (e.g. in a computer cluster); thissaves considerable time moving data around and makes it287possible for the processors to work together (rather than onseparate tasks), for example in mesh and hypercubearchitecture.The Top500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful(non-distributed) computer systems in the world. The projectwas started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of thesupercomputers twice a year.
The project aims to provide areliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in highperformance computing and bases rankings on HPL, a portableimplementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmarkwritten in FORTRAN for distributed memory computers.According to the 42nd edition (November, 2013) of the Top500list of the world’s most powerful supercomputers, Teanhe-2, asupercomputer developed by China’s National University ofDefense Technology, retained its position as the world’s No.1system with a performance of 33.86 petaflops/s (quadrillions ofcalculations per second).Titan, a Cray XK7 system installed at the Department ofEnergy’s (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory, remains theNo.2 system.
It achieved 17.59 Pflops/s on the Linpackbenchmark. Titan is one of the most energy-efficient systems onthe list.Notes:NEC (Nippon Electric Corporation) - японская компания,производитель электронной, компьютерной техникиFujitsu - крупная японская корпорация, производительэлектроникиSETI@Home (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence at Home– поиск внеземного разумана дому) – научныйнекоммерческий проект добровольных вычислений наплатформеBOINC,использующийсвободныевычислительные ресурсы на компьютерах добровольцевдля поиска радиосигналов внеземных цивилизаций288LINPACKbenchmarkтестпроизводительностивычислительных систем, по результатам которогосоставляется список 500 наиболее высокопроизводительныхсистем мираAssignments1. Translate the sentences from the text into Russian inwriting paying attention to the underlined words andphrases:1.
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