Computer Science. The English Language Perspective - Беликова (1176925), страница 2
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The ability to perform computation beyond simplecounting extends back to the ancient world…2. …the abacus developed in ancient China could still beatthe best mechanical calculators as late as the 1940s.3. The mechanical calculator began in the West in the 17thcentury, most notably with the devices created byphilosopher-scientist Blaise Pascal.4. It wasn’t until the 19th century that the next major stepwas taken, this time by a British mathematician.5. Then Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace, the daughterof Lord Byron, a most romantic figure in the history of8computing and a skilled mathematician becameinterested in Babbage’s work on the analytical engine6.
In 1847, British mathematician George Boole proposed asystem of algebra that could be used to manipulatepropositions, that is, assertions that could be either trueor false.7. Besides being essential to computer design, Booleanoperations are also used to manipulate individual bits inmemory…8. Aided by Hollerith’s machines, a census unit was able toprocess 7,000 records a day for the 1890 census, aboutten times the rate in the 1880 count.2.
Answer the following questions:What are the four whole-number operations?Who was the first to introduce punched card input?What did Babbage's analytical engine conceptuallyinclude?4. Why is Ada Byron described as "a most romantic figurein the history of computing"?5. What is the essence of Boolean logic? Why does itperfectly fit electronic components?6. Why is the punched card often referred to as theHollerith card?1.2.3.3. Translate into English:Компьютер на паровой тягеВикторианский компьютер, вернее, его точная копия,будет построена британским программистом ДжономГрехемом-Каммингом.Насозданиепрототипасовременного ПК Джону понадобится 400 тыс.
фунтов.Как оказалось, создателем первого ПК был отнюдь неТьюринг, а Чарльз Бэббидж – британский математик. Асделал он такой прорыв в вычислительных технологиях как9раз через год после смерти Пушкина. Кстати, главнымисточником питания для первого компьютера было неэлектричество, а пар. Устройство было размером снебольшойгрузовик,состоящийизмножестваразнообразных валов, шатунов, стержней и шестеренок.Место процессора в этом удивительном аппарате занималбарабан со вставными стержнями, очень сильнонапоминающий барабан механического пианино.Материалы, из которых был построен первый ПК, несодержали кремния.
В основном это была медь и железо.Хотя расширяемая память была предусмотрена и в этой,самой первой модели ПК. Правда, размер ее был совсемнебольшим – 1 килобайт. Прототип современных ПК имелЦПУ, плоттер, принтер и даже микропрограмму,напоминающуюсовременныйбиос.Авотдляпрограммирования такого устройства использовалисьпластинки, очень сильно напоминающие перфокарты.Кстати, это устройство изначально было предназначенодля широкого круга вычислений.В устройстве Бэббиджа нет недочетов. Оно совершеннодаже по современным рамкам.
К тому же математик досамой смерти трудился над усовершенствованием своегоизобретения, называя его «аналитической машиной»(Analitical Engine). Впрочем, ни сам Чарльз, ни его сынГенри так и не смогли собрать свою разработку “в железе”.Собственных сбережений в семье не хватило, аправительство не видело смысла вкладывать сумасшедшиеденьги в монтаж этой массивной, сложной и весьмадорогостоящей установки.Чтобы воспроизвести устройство Бэббиджа, ГрехемКамминг будет расшифровывать и изучать записи,которые в данный момент находятся в лондонском музее.Затем будет воссоздана модель аналитической машины.Пока идет массовая кампания по сбору средств на сборкуаналитической машины. Уже было получено около 1600пожертвований.10Напомним, что ранее воссоздать аналитическуюмашину Чарльза Бэббиджа пытался его сын.
То, что у негополучилось, хранится ныне в Лондонском музее науки.4. Give the summary of the text using the key terms.EARLY COMPUTERSRead the following words and word combinations and usethem for understanding and translation of the text:warfare – военные действияaccurate calculations – точные вычисленияapplication - применениеvacuum tube – электронная лампаtransmission – (радио)передачаimpregnable - неприступныйto investigate – исследоватьto arouse interest – возбуждать интересunderwrite - гарантировать, подписывать(ся)rather than – скорее чем, а неto solve a problem - решить задачу (проблему)viable – конкурентный, жизнеспособныйmainstream – господствующая тенденцияfeature – черта, свойствоto maintain – поддерживать, обслуживатьroutine – стандартная программаfundamental – краеугольный, основнойunit – блок, модульto extract square roots - извлекать квадратные корниThe highly industrialized warfare of World War II required therapid production of a large volume of accurate calculations forsuch applications as aircraft design, gunnery control, andcryptography.
Fortunately, the field was now ripe for thedevelopment of programmable digital computers. Many11reliable components were available to the computer designerincluding switches and relays from the telephone industry andcard readers and punches (manufactured by Hollerith’sdescendant, IBM), and vacuum tubes used in radio and otherelectronics.Early computing machines included the Mark I, a hugecalculator driven by electrical relays and controlled by punchedpaper tape. Another machine, the prewar Atanasoff-BerryComputer was never completed, but demonstrated the use ofelectronic (vacuum tube) components, which were much fasterthan electromechanical relays. Meanwhile, Zuse, a Germaninventor, built a programmable binary computer that combineda mechanical number storage mechanism with telephone relays.He also proposed building an electronic (vacuum tube)computer, but the German government decided not to supportthe project.During the war, British and American code breakers built aspecialized electronic computer called Colossus, which readencoded transmissions from tape and broke the code of thesupposedly impregnable German Enigma machines.
The mostviable general-purpose computers were developed by J. PresperEckert and John Mauchly starting in 1943. The first, ENIAC,was completed in 1946 and had been intended to performballistic calculations.Mark I (and IBM Again)As a doctoral student at Harvard, Aiken began to investigatethe possibility of building a large-scale, programmable,automatic computing device and managed to arouse interest inhis project, particularly from Thomas Watson, Sr., head ofInternational Business Machines (IBM).
In 1939, IBM agreed tounderwrite the building of Aiken’s first calculator, theAutomatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, which becameknown as the Harvard Mark I.Like Babbage, Aiken aimed for a general-purposeprogrammable machine rather than an assembly of special12purpose arithmetic units. Unlike Babbage, Aiken had access to avariety of tested, reliable components, including card punches,readers, and electric typewriters from IBM and the mechanicalelectromagnetic relays used for automatic switching in thetelephone industry. His machine used decimal numbers ratherthan the binary numbers of the majority of later computers.Sixty registers held whatever constant data numbers wereneeded to solve a particular problem.
The operator turned arotary dial to enter each digit of each number. Variable dataand program instructions were entered via punched paper tape.Calculations had to be broken down into specific instructionssimilar to those in later low-level programming languages. Theresults (usually tables of mathematical function values) couldbe printed by an electric typewriter or output on punchedcards. Huge (about 8 feet [2.4 m] high by 51 feet [15.5 m] long),slow, but reliable, the Mark I worked on a variety of problemsduring World War II, ranging from equations used in lensdesign and radar to the designing of the implosive core of anatomic bomb.Compared to later computers such as the ENIAC and UNIVAC,the sequential calculator, as its name suggests, could onlyperform operations in the order specified.ENIACThe Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)was developed by John W. Mauchly and John Presper Eckert,Jr., at the University of Pennsylvania.
The machine had beenfinanced by the U.S. army during the Second World War as acalculator for ballistic tables. With Mauchly providingtheoretical design work and J. Presper Eckert heading theengineering effort, ENIAC was completed too late to influencethe outcome of the war.By today's standards for electronic computers ENIAC was agrotesque monster. Its thirty separate units, plus power supplyand forced-air cooling, weighed over thirty tons.
Its 19,000vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of13resistors, capacitors, and inductors consumed almost 200kilowatts of electrical power.But ENIAC was the prototype from which most other moderncomputers evolved. It embodied almost all the components andconcepts of today's high-speed, electronic digital computers.
Itsdesigners conceived what has now become standard circuitrysuch as the gate, buffer and used a modified Eccles-Jordan flipflop as a logical, high-speed storage-and-control device.ENIAC could discriminate the sign of a number, comparequantities for equality, add, subtract, multiply, divide, andextract square roots.
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