[учебник] English Grammar Reference and Practice. Drozdova (1175660), страница 55
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This use is typical after the verbs like want,look for, need, afford.□ The children want a ride.□ We need a leader.□I can’t afford a car.196NB! A particularizing attribute should not b e \confused with a descriptive attribute which is usedto describe an object or to give some additionalinformation about it. A descriptive attribute doesnot affect the use of the article:□I have a wonderful clock which is 100years old.US EOFARTICLESWI T HCOMMONNOUNS4. When a person or a thing is introduced for thefirst tim e. That shows that the reader (listener) doesnot know what we are referring to.
After this firstreference we use the.□ I watched a car as it came up our road.The car stopped outside our house and aman got out. The man was carrying a casein his hand. With the case, the man lookedlike a salesman./5. when the noun is used in a general sense andhas the meaning of "every” (любой, всякий,каждый).□ A drowning man catches at a straw.□ A child can understand it.4.
With singular countable nouns used in a genericsense (when we want to make a general statementabout all things of that type):□ The tragedy and the comedy appeared inGreece.□ The pine grows in the North.□□vWe went to the lake which was stormy^that day.W e’ve received a le tte r containinginteresting information about.„______J3. When the situation (context) itself makes theobject definite:□ The wedding looked sad. The bride wastoo old and the bridegroom was too young./1NB! In a generic sense:Л- With the noun man no article is used.□His trust in man has been destroyed.- With the noun woman the definite article orno article is used.□He had always been interested in thatlmysterious being - the woman.JThe Zero ArticleBASIC USES OF THE ZERO ARTICLE (-):No article (zero) is used:1.
With olural countable nouns used in aeneral statements, e.a. for:2.peopleanimalsfoodplacesproducts□□□□□Men are fond of hunting.Dogs should eat meat.Oranges are good for you.Cities are polluted by cars.Shops are open on Sundays.With uncountable nouns (always singular) used in general statements, e.g.
for:- food□ I like ice-cream.- colours□ Red is my favourite colour.- abstract□ No news is good news.- substances□ Coffee is produced in Brazil.- activities□ Smoking is not allowed here.□ Chinese is difficult to study.- languagesBy comparison, we use the when the reference is specific (not in general):a) with plural countable nouns□ The oranges from Spain are sweet.b) with uncountable nouns□ I used all the butter that was in the butter dish.197THEARTICLE*■ ••--EXERCI SES(А, В, C) Say what articles you would use forthe nouns in italics in these situations.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.К вам подбегает мальчик с газетами испрашивает:- Вы не купите газету, пожалуйста?- Купите одну из газет, пожалуйста.Вы видите у сына новую ручку и говорите:«Где ты купил ручку?»Ваш брат идёт в библиотеку и вы его просите: «Принеси мне, пожалуйста, английский словарь».
- «Я не думаю, что в нашейбиблиотеке есть английские словари».На вопрос по телефону, что делает вашасестра, вы ответили: «Она читает книгу. Оналюбит читать книги».Вчера мы купили новый стол. Я попробовалаработать за ним. Стол неудобен для письма.Староста напоминает дежурному: «Сегоднятвоя очередь мыть столы».Вы видите в руках у м альчика каменьи просите: «Отберите у мальчика камень,пожалуйста».Решив р азб и ть палатку, вы го в о р и те :«Найди где-нибудь камень, будем забиватьколья».Вы купили комнату. В ней абсолютно нетмебели. «Прежде всего мне необходимстол», - думаете вы.Мальчик говорит своим родителям: «В следующем году у нас будут столы вместопарт».«Посмотри на дуб. Ему, наверное, сто лет».«Давайте посадим дуб. Он дает много тени».«Наш парк преобразился: там посадили многоновых деревьев. В основном это дубы илипы».Дубы, которые мы посадили в парке, ужевыросли.Не можете ли вы одолжить мне конверт? Мнесрочно нужно отослать письмо, а почтазакрыта.«Где ты купила плащ? Мне тоже нужен плащ,но я не могу найти ничего подходящего».
«Сходи в магазин на улице Мира, там продаюткрасивые плащи».17. Д евочка ищет сестру. Вы ей говорите:«Посмотри во дворе. Она, вероятно, играеттам с детьми».18. Учительница входит в класс и, увидев тамто л ь ко д е в о ч е к , го в о р и т : «А гд е жемальчики?»19. Вы просите помочь вам: «Вы не можетепередвинуть стол?»20. Ваша сестра готовится к экзаменам, но к вамприш ли гости, вы просите её перейтив спальню. Её подруга спрашивает: «А вспальне есть стол?»21. Учительница говорит: «Не пишите на столахи следите за тем, чтобы всегда был мелу доски».22. Посмотрите на доску, пожалуйста.23. Вы пришли за ребёнком в детский садв середине дня, вам говорят: «Вы не можетезабрать р ебёнка, пока дети спят.
Ониотдыхают».z"(A) Fill in the blanks with a/an, the or thezero article.1. Would you lik e .....cup of tea? 2. Can I make......telephone call? 3. She w antsglass of water.4. Have you g o t .....watch? 5. I’d lik e ........apple,please. 6. Do you lik e ......boys in your class? 7. Doyou usually like ...... girls more than ...... boys?8. What a b o u t......girls in your class? Are they nice?9. Which o f ......teachers do you like best? 10. Whatis the name o f ...... teacher you like best? 11. Are...... boys/girls in your group good at English?12.
Are ..... girls in your class as clever a s ......boys? What do you think?0(A, B) Choose the right alternative: a/an orthe.1. We’ve just bought а/th e new house with a/thelarge garden. 2. I wrote а/th e long letter to Jennythis morning. 3. Did I show you а/th e letter I gotfrom Peter this mprning? 4. I usually buy a/thenewspaper on my way to work. 5. Last night I sawan/the interesting programme about Eastern Europe.6 .
1 really enjoyed a/the programme about EasternEurope last night. 7 . 1learned to drive a/the car when1 was 18. 8. Dad, can I borrow a/the car tonight?9. A/the dog makes a/the good pet. 10. Could youpass a/the salt, please?198US EHOFARTICLESWI THvJ(B) Fill in a/an, the or the zero article.12.Where d id ......life come from?I don’t know much a b o u t......
life of SalvadorDali.3. I can’t call i t ......running. It’s ........jogging.4. I th in k ......red dress will suit you best......... redis more your colour.5........... watches have become very cheap and veryattractive.6. Most o f ...... watches you see today work on......quartz.7 ........journeys to unknown places require a lot ofpreparation.8 ........lives o f ....... poets a n d ....... musicians haveoften been unbearably difficult.9 ........ time i s ....... money.10.
I can never fo rg e t......time I’ve spent in Paris.11. We h a v e ...... nice apartment i n ........centre ofSt. Petersburg. It i s ...... three-room flat with......kitchen.12. This is the front room........ceiling a n d .......wallsneed decorating b u t......floor is in good order.We’ll probably cover it w ith ......carpet.COMMONNOUNS(A, B) Put in a/an or the.A Bad Custom er<’>......man went in to *(2)....... shop and asked fo r (3).......pound of apples which cost one shilling.
(4)......shopkeeper gave them to him. Then (5)...... manasked, “Can I exchange (6)......apples for (7)........pound of plum s?(8)......price is (9)....... same.” <,0).......shopkeeper agreed, took back(11)...... apples and gave himplums.(12)..... man took them andwas going to leave(13)......shop.(14) ..shopkeeper asked him for(15) .. money.“(16)......money for what?” asked(17)......man.“(18)..... money fo r (19).......plums,”sa id (20)......shopkeeper.“ But I gave you (21)...... apples f o r (22)........ plum s,”answered(23)......man.“Well, th e n ,(24)......money for (25>.......
apples.”“ But you still have your apples,” said (26)...... manand walked out o f (27)......shop.The Definite ArticleThe Indefinite Article (a/on)The indefinite article is used:The definite article is used:1. after the verb to be or another link verb {seem,look, become, etc). Usually such nouns denote aprofession or characteristic.□He became a doctor.□ She works as (a) chemist.□Miss Sharp’s father was an artist.□ Your brother is a nice man.1.2.in some grammatical structures:a) It is a book.
This is a picture.b) She has a cat.c) There is a b o o k on the table.d) What a clever man! What a fine building!BUT: What nice weather we are having today! (Minduncountable nouns)3.in detached apposition:□ My friend, a history teacher, knows a lotabout it.BUT: Pushkin, the great Russian poet,..Ivanov, the inventor of this machine,..( th e )with the nouns modified by:a) adjectives in the superlative degree□ Moscow has the best underground in theworld.□ The highest mountains are in Asia.b) with the pronouns same, all and the adjectiveswrong, right, very, next, following, last, only, whole:□ I found him in the last carriage of the train.□ You’re the very person I need.□ We’ll have more time the following week.^NB! “Next” meaning “future" and “last" meaning4,“past" are used without articles - next month,\ l ast week._________________________________ уc) the ordinal numerals first, second, etc.□ We sat in the first row.2.
with the nouns denoting a unique thing: the Sun,the Moon, the Earth, the Universe, the Galaxy, theSolar System, etc.:□ The Sun is the centre of our Galaxy.□ The Earth is often called the blue planet.199THE4.ARTICLEafter the attributes such, rather, quite:□ He is such a clever man.□ She is q u ite a young girl.□ It was ra th e r a difficult job.NB! When a countable noun is preceded b y \expressions like a type of, a kind of, a sort of, avariety of, a breed of, no article is used in front ofthe noun that follows.□ She was a kin d o f w om an who likes tohelp people.□ We can’t approve of th a t s o rt o f thing .^□ It was an exotic b re ed o f dog.________ ,f NB! The indefinite article a/an can be used w hen\we mean a certain state or aspect of such objects:the Sun, the Moon, the sky.□ A p e a rl-w h ite m oon smiles through theVgreen trees.J3.
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