(2015) Коллоквиум 2 (1157972), страница 8
Текст из файла (страница 8)
The biggest result was the end to Slavery. The 13th Amendment called for the abolishment of Slavery, and it was in support of President Lincoln’s Emancipation proclamation. Also Federal government assumes supreme national authority. Union was reunited. Both sides lost thousands of young men. Northern economy boomed, and Southern economy devastated.
Which personalities do you remember of the period of the Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln was the 16thPresident of the United States and Commander-in-Chief of the Union Army. General Grant of the North won several decisive battles. Also in the Confederate States there were men of great military talent – generals Jackson and Lee.
Which American writer devoted his stories to the period of so-called “Gold Fever”?
The discovery of gold in California in 1848 set off the famous “Gold Rush”. “Gold Rush” or “Gold Fever”, dramatically described by famous American writer Jack London, occupies a special place in the USA history.
When and how did the USA turn into the richest country of the world?
Theodore Roosevelt found the Progressive movement; he wanted to allow the businessmen enough freedom of action to make their firms efficient and prosperous. While the First World War started on the continent of Europe, the USA quickly became the main supplier of weapon and capital to the countries of the Anti-German allies. By 1919 USA had a primary world economy, with enormous productive capacity and extensive markets for manufactured goods. From 1920 to October 1929 America became the wealthiest country in the world with no obvious rival. Yet by 1930 it had hit a depression that was to have world-wide consequences.
What were the main events in the USA between two World Wars?
After the First World War USA was a country with primary world economy. And business continued develop. At that time “business had become almost the national religion of America”. But there were already a lot of troubles. Bank debts were mounting. Low wages of most workers led to underconsumption. And so stock prices dropped dramatically on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. It was a start of Great American Depression, which lasted until the late 1930s. Nearly eight million Americans were out of work, thousand of banks and over 100000 businesses had closed down. Industrial production had fallen down by half and wage payments by 60%. In 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt became a president. His program, which he called The New Deal 15 major, consisted of a number of legislative measures to fight against the Depression. As a result of all his measures unemployment dropped from 13 million people to 9.
What were the main reasons of Great American Depression?
On the surface it seemed that prosperity would continue forever but below the surface there were already a lot of troubles. Bank debts were mounting. Low wages of most workers led to underconsumption. Excessive industrial profits and low industrial wages distributed one third of all personal income to only 5% of the population. The agricultural sector was also plagued with overproduction. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.
What do you remember of US president Franklin Roosevelt?
The Progressive movement found a leader in the Republican Theodore Roosevelt T. Roosevelt who became president in 1901 got particularly concerned about the power of the trusts. His idea was to give the USA the best of both worlds. He wanted to allow the businessmen enough freedom of action to make their firms efficient and prosperous, but at the same time to prevent them from taking unfair advantage of other people (the policy of so-called “square deal». However the “square deal” of Roosevelt’s administration (1901-1909) failed to bring the trusts under control.
What happened after the end of the World War 11?
World War II paved the way for change in the he area of civil rights. Black Americans began to play a much greater role in American society. After World War 11 under the Eisenhower administration in 1953 some measures were taken to accelerate assimilation and destroy remaining Indian culture, which provided a real threat to the tribes. So-called “relocation” policy was implemented.
What is so-called McCarthyism?
An ambitious and unscrupulous politician McCarthy tried to use these fears to win fame and power for himself. He started the campaign that came into American history with the name a “Witch Hunt” – a search for people he could blame for supposed threats to the United States. For over five years, from early 1950s till the mid 50s McCarthy launched the serial of “hearings”, accusing a lot of people – government officials, scientists, and famous entertainers – of secretly working for the Soviet Union. He never gave proofs, but Americans were so much frightened by the threat of communism that many believed his accusations.
What is the political structure of the USA?
The President chooses the fourteen cabinet members who head departments, such as Justice, Defense, or Education; chooses who will run as vice president; appoints federal judges; chooses heads of agencies such as the FBI and CIA; proposes laws, and approves federal laws after Congress has approved them; appoints US ambassadors to foreign countries; bears the responsibilities of relations with foreign countries and commander- in chief of armed forces. The Vice President leads the Senate and combined meetings of both houses of Congress, .serves on special government committees and. becomes president if the president must leave office.
The Cabinet together with the president, the cabinet members (13) form the government. They advise on issues related to their departments.
The USA Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
What is the Policy of Checks and Balances?
The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. Compromise is also a vital aspect of other levels of the US government.
The system of “check and balances” protects against extremes. It means for example, that new presidents cannot radically change governmental policies just as they wish.
What are the main political parties?
The US Constitution says nothing about political parties, but over time the US has developed a two-party system: the Democratic and Republican parties. The president-day Democratic Party was founded in 1828 representing Southern planters. The Republican Party, founded in 1854, united industrial and trade bourgeoisie from Northeast.
What are the stages of Presidential election in the USA?
The national presidential election consists of two separate campaigns: one is for the nomination of candidates at national party conventions. The other is to win the actual election. The nominating race is a competition between members of the same party. In November of the election year (years divisible by four, e.g. 1988, 1992, 1996, etc.), the voters across the nation go to the polls. If the majority of the popular votes in a state go to the Presidential (and Vice - Presidential) candidate of one party, then that person is supposed to get all of that state’s “electoral votes”. These electoral votes are equal to the number of senators and Representatives each state has in Congress. The candidate with the largest number of these electoral votes wins the election. In January of the following year, in a joint session of Congress, the new President and Vice – President are officially announced.
How are laws made in the USA?
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Laws begin as ideas. First, a representative sponsors a bill. The bill is then assigned to a committee for study. If released by the committee, the bill is put on a calendar to be voted on, debated or amended. If the bill passes by simple majority (218 of 435), the bill moves to the Senate. In the Senate, the bill is assigned to another committee and, if released, debated and voted on. Again, a simple majority (51 of 100) passes the bill. Finally, a conference committee made of House and Senate members works out any differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill. The resulting bill returns to the House and Senate for final approval. The Government Printing Office prints the revised bill in a process called enrolling. The President has 10 days to sign or veto the enrolled bill.
What do you remember about John F. Kennedy?
In 1961 a new President John F. Kennedy (1961-3) was elected, the most progressive president since A. Lincoln and F. Roosevelt. He was young, had a good education, energy and keen, quick wit. He told American people that they were facing a “new frontier” with both opportunities and problems. He announced policy of fighting poverty and giving civil rights to black people. He streamlined and pushed through the space program and new laws for pollution treatment, but his main merit was his foreign policy. When J. Kennedy came to the office, foreign problems were numerous.
Who was the main reformer of the American English Language?
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson made the first attempts to renovate the English language. Jefferson was fascinated by words and liked to invent the new ones. Benjamin Franklin, who founded the first free public library in the USA, was also interested in the reform of the English language. In 1768, he published a paper entitled “A Scheme for a New Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling”. His ideas were not adopted, but made a profound influence on further US linguists.
Which linguistic reforms did Noah Webster carry on?
Noah Webster is The most famous of all American dictionary-makers. His contribution in the creation of American language is hard to overestimate. His works on linguistics had an enormous influence on American standards of spelling and writing. By including thousands of technical and scientific terms, Webster laid the groundwork for modern lexicography and very many dictionaries published in the USA still bear his name.
Why did American English Language become the global language?
The American vocabulary during the 19Pth and especially 20Pth and 21 centuries began to be exported abroad due to its economic, political and technological prominence in the world. American movies, radio, television, pop culture have certainly hastened the process.
In recent years Americanisms have been introduced into international usage. Hundreds of new business buzz-words are used, reflecting the birth of global markets and the take-over boom.
Americans invented a lot of new words connected with new technology, computers and internet: a notebook, a laptop computer, download, upload, online, offline, website, to hack, software, know-how, the dotcom economy, screensaver, trackpad, thumbnail, footprint, gridlocked, cyber pet, a techno-wizard, a cybercafé and many others of computer-related terms are increasingly invading the daily life. A lot of politically correct terminology also appeared. A lot of abbreviations and acronyms appeared, especially often used in and ads ( advertisements): NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) , UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), IMF (International Monetary Fund), CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), Call
(Computer Assisted Language Learning), ZIP code (for Zone Improvement Plan), etc.
What do you remember about American media?
American newspapers get much of their news from the two US largest news agencies AP (Associated Press) and UPI (United Press International). It is estimated that altogether, around 2 billion people get most of their news directly or indirectly through AP and UPI.
Quite a few have “daughter” editions in other countries. Among such internationals are Time, Newsweek, National Geographic, Reader’s Digest, Cosmopolitan, Vogue, Time, Newsweek, and Psychology Today. The best known professional periodicals The Atlantic Monthly, Harvard Educational Review, Saturday Review, National Geographic, Smithsonian (published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.), Scientific American have a huge readership both in the USA and abroad.
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