(2015) Коллоквиум 2 (1157972), страница 7
Текст из файла (страница 7)
On June 3, 1965, Edward H. White became the first US astronaut to conduct a spacewalk.
On July 16, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed on the moon in Apollo 11, leaving behind a plaque that read: “Here Men from Planet Earth First Set Foot upon the Moon. We Came in Peace for All Mankind”. “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”, said Neil Armstrong on returning to the earth.
In 1975, NASA began to cooperate with the Soviet Union to achieve the first international human spaceflight, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The two spacecrafts were launched within 7.5 hours, docked three hours after and 3 American astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, Vance Brand, Donald Slaytor and 2 Soviet Cosmonauts Alexei Leonov and Valerii Kubasov met and shook hands in orbit. After that various US space shuttles docked with the Soviet Mir nine times.
In spite of the tragedies and loss of the human lives NASA continued space scientific research in cooperation between Russian and U.S. scientists.
The USA and Russia set up quite a number united workgroups for coordination of cooperated actions in such fields as biology, astrophysics, solar physics and interplant researches. From 1995 to 1998 the joint programs Mir-Shuttle and Mir-NASA were carried on. The USA-Russian Space cooperation was supervised by joint American-Russian workgroups, including the representatives of different governmental bodies, universities and institutions of the USA and Russia.
The ILS (International Launch Services) joint venture was formed in 1995 and became another example of cooperation between the two countries. One of the notable events in bilateral space work was the establishment of the Sea Launch International consortium, of which 40% was owned by Boeing Commercial Space Co. and 25 % by Russian Energia Rocket Space Corp. The achieved experience paved the way for the creation of another International project ISS with the participation of 11 countries. The permanent work of ISS began in 2000. In May 2000 the first launch of the U.S. rocket-carrier Atlas 111, equipped with a Russian RD-180 engines was conducted.
Questions for the final test
In whose honor did America get its name?
The continent America however was named for Italian explorer – Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) who completed many voyages to South America and was the first to understand that he had reached not India but a new continent – the New World.
Who were the first European settlers on American continents?
In 1528 five Spanish ships under the command of Panfilo Narvaez reached the west coast of Florida, staying on the continewnt in search of gold for several years. In 1539 Spanish legendary explorer Fray Marcos de Niza was sent to America and described a “very beautiful city”in South America as one of the “Seven cities”. His report stimulated further explorations into the area. In all areas of Spanish exploration, settlement and colonization soon followed and before long the Spanish Empire was spread from Florida to California to Central and South America.
Why were the original tribes in North America called Indians?8
When Christopher Columbus arrived in the “New World” and thought that he was in India, he called the native people as Indians.
Do you remember the history of New York?
In 1626 the governor of the Dutch Colony bought from Indians Manhattan Island for the trinkets valued approximately $24, built a trading fort and a town, which he called New Amsterdam. The defenses of New Amsterdam were poor and later when English warships appeared in the bay the Dutch had to surrender the fort and the town to the English. In 1664 King Charles II gave a large area of Manhattan Island to his brother Duke of York and New Amsterdam was turned into New York in honor of the duke.
What was the American capital before the War for Independence?
Philadelphia (In 1774 Americans established so-called Committees of Correspondence, which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia.)
How did the movement for independence develop in Amer4eican colonies?
The Seven Years’ War ended in the expulsion of France from North America and stirred a wave of patriotism among the English population in America. The colonies had become quite different and no longer wanted to be seen as extensions of England. The controversy between England and the colonies after 1773 revolved around the laws affecting the settlement of the West, colonial
trade, currency, taxes, courts of justice and legislative assemblie. The British Prime Minister George Granville was determined to make the American colonies realize their obligations to the Empire. The answer in colonies was boycott against the importation of British goods. After “The Boston Tea Party” British King George and Parliament closed the port of Boston, and in 1774 Americans established so-called Committees of Correspondence, which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Delegates from 12 colonies except Georgia wrote to King George asking to reopen Boston Harbor. American lawyers Thomas Jefferson and James Wilson worked out the rights of Americans and their own legislation. King George did not answer the letter and sent more warships to America. American patriots called on Americans to take up arms to defend their rights. The Second Continental Congress, which also convened in Philadelphia, authorized an American army and appointed a young Virginian planter George Washington as its .commander-in-chief. On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence from the British rule.
What is Boston “tea party”?
When three ships loaded with tea came into the port of Boston in December 16, 1773 American colonists refused to pay the tax and unload the tea. Instead at night a group of 60 men disguised as Indians boarded the ships and dumped the cargo of three hundred forty two chests into the water of the harbor. This event came into American history under the name “The Boston Tea Party”, and it was an impulse to starting War For Independence.
What are personalities of the period of “American Revolution?”
The British Prime Minister George Granville was determined to make the American colonies realize their obligations to the Empire. The answer in colonies was boycott against the importation of British goods. The British King George and Parliament condemned the “Tea Party” as an act of vandalism and punitive measures were taken. The Second Continental Congress, which also convened in Philadelphia, authorized an American army and appointed a young Virginian planter George Washington as its .commander-in-chief. George Washington was unanimously elected the first President of the United States of America.
During this period American lawyers Thomas Jefferson and James Wilson worked out the rights of Americans and their own legislation. This famous document drafted by Thomas Jefferson maintained that all men were created equal and proclaimed their rights for life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.
When and how long did the War for Independence last?
In April, 1775 the British regulars at Lexington and Concord (near Boston) were met by armed American volunteers (so-called militia). Their first skirmished proclaimed the beginning of American War for Independence. After the decisive victory of the colonial army at Yorktown in 1781 the British finally laid down their arms. In September, 1783 the ultimate peace treaty was signed in Paris.
What were the main reasons of the victory of “American Revolution”?
In Great Britain at that time there lived 9 million people, in the American colonies – less than 3 million, 20 percent of which were slaves. Britain had the world’s greatest navy and a strong army. Americans had only an ill trained militia and no navy. Yet they had one great advantage – they were fighting at home and for freedom. The colonial militia’s successes around Boston in the spring 1775 had contributed to the American myth that British regulars were less effective than the colonials’ volunteers. At the same time the British government made the fatal mistake of underestimating Washington’ ragged army seriously. As the war progressed, discipline and experience appeared and though the colonists lost many battles, they learned that they could be beaten but they could not be
.
When was the American Constitution adopted?
In 1787 a nation-wide meeting (named Convention) in Philadelphia adopted a new Constitution. It established a legislature of two Houses, the House of Representatives in which the places were assigned according to the population and filled by popular vote, and the Senate where every state was to send two members appointed by state legislature. Centralized executive power was to be effected by Federal Government headed by a President with wide jurisdiction over home and foreign affairs. During January and February 1789 elections took place in the states and soon the new congressmen gathered in New York, the temporary capital.
When was the name “The United States of America” first used?
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence from the British rule. The American Declaration of Independence refers to the country being founded as the "United States of America"
Which variant of American constitution is used now?
Although the constitution has been amended 26 times it is still the “supreme law of the land” and
provides three main branches of government: the executive branch (the president, the vice president, the cabinet), the legislative branch (the Congress) and the judicial branch (the Supreme Court). Currently used version of the constitution, adopted in 1978.
Which were the only wars on the territory of the USA?
This is a list of attacks against territory held by the United States.
Attacks on mainland U.S. or organized incorporated U.S. territories:
American Revolutionary War 1775-1783
American Indian Wars 1775-1918
War of 1812 1812-1815
Thornton Affair April 26, 1846
Mexican American War 1846-1848
Black Tom explosion July 30, 1916
Battle of Columbus 1916 guy
Bombardment of Orleans 1918
Battle of Ambros Nogales 1918
Attacks on North America during World War II 1941-1945
1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters January 25, 1993
1993 World Trade Center bombing February 26, 1993
September 11 attacks by al-Qaeda on New York City, New York; Arlington, Virginia; and Shanksville, Pennsylvania September 11, 2001
What were the main causes of the Civil War in North America?
из интернета
There are many causes that led to the American Civil War. While slavery is generally cited as the main cause for the war, other political and cultural differences between the North and the South certainly contributed. Below we will discuss some of these differences and how they created a divide between the North and the South that eventually caused the Civil War.
Industry vs. Farming
In the mid-1800s, the economies of many northern states had moved away from farming to industry. A lot of people in the North worked and lived in large cities like New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. The southern states, however, had maintained a large farming economy and this economy was based on slave labor. While the North no longer needed slaves, the South relied heavily upon slaves for their way of life.
States' Rights
The idea of states' rights was not new to the Civil War. Since the Constitution was first written there had been arguments about how much power the states should have versus how much power the federal government should have. The southern states felt that the federal government was taking away their rights and powers.
Expansion
As the United States continued to expand westward, each new state added to the country shifted the power between the North and the South. Southern states began to fear they would lose so much power that they would lose all their rights. Each new state became a battleground between the two sides for power.
Slavery
At the heart of much of the South's issues was slavery. The South relied on slavery for labor to work the fields. Many people in the North believed that slavery was wrong and evil. These people were called abolitionists. They wanted slavery made illegal throughout the United States. Abolitionists such as John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe began to convince more and more people of the evil of slavery. This made the South fearful that their way of life would come to an end.
Bleeding Kansas
The first fighting over the slavery issue took place in Kansas. In 1854, the government passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act allowing the residents of Kansas to vote on whether they would be a slave state or a free state. The region was flooded with supporters from both sides. They fought over the issue for years. Several people were killed in small skirmishes giving the confrontation the name Bleeding Kansas. Eventually Kansas entered the Union as a free state in 1861.
Abraham Lincoln
The final straw for the South was election of Abraham Lincoln to President of the United States. Abraham Lincoln was a member of the new anti-slavery Republican Party. He managed to get elected without even being on the ballot in ten of the southern states. The southern states felt that Lincoln was against slavery and also against the South.
Secession
When Lincoln was elected, many of the southern states decided they no longer wanted to be a part of the United States. They felt that they had every right to leave. Starting with South Carolina, eleven states would eventually leave the United States and form a new country called the Confederate States of America. Abraham Lincoln said they did not have the right to leave the United States and sent in troops to stop the South from leaving. The Civil War had begun.
When and how long did the Civil War take place?
The Civil War lasted four years from April 1861 to May 1865.
What were the results of the Civil War?
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