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When in August 1985 Microsoft celebrated its 10 th anniversary it alreadyPPemployed 1.442 workers and had expanded its growing empire to Europe.In 1995 Gates knew that the Internet was the next area of focus, and the course ofMicrosoft shifted dramatically. The popular Internet Explorer browser soon became a bestsellar.By the time of the company’s 20 th anniversary Microsoft had reported revenues of $2.02 billionPPdollars for the first quarter of fiscal year and counted more than 525,000 members.
It hadreleased the final version of Microsoft Internet Explorer 2.0 for Windows 95.Two newbusinesses were created. One of them was a 24 hour news and information cable televisionchannel. The other is an interactive news service distributed on MSN. In 1998 MicrosoftWindows 98 was announced and in 2000 Microsoft Windows 2000 NT became available.For many consumers Microsoft has become synonymous with the terms “PCComputer” and “Internet”.1.Answer the questions.1.What does the name “Silicon Valley” first of all mean to you?2.Which part did Stanford University play in the story of the Silicon Valley?3. Where was the first microprocessor designed?4. Who were the three scientists awarded with the Nobel Prize for the inventions in computertechnology?5. What is the situation with Microsoft now? Which are the main fields of Bill Gates’ interestlately?2.
Render the text in English: Технический прогресс на лоне природы.Несколько десятилетий тому назад округ Санта-Клара в Калифорнии представлял собойтихий уголок: сплошные фруктовые сады, апельсины, сливы, вишни. Теперь же здесьукоренилисьновыеотраслиамериканскойпромышленности.Вэтомрайонесконцентрировано около восьмисот компаний, занимающихся разработкой новыхтехнологий, а также многочисленные фирмы, связанные с обслуживанием и снабжениемпервых.
В результате округ превратился в самое густое в мире скопление недавнопоявившихся отраслей промышленности.ОкругСанта-Кларарасполагаетвсемипреимуществами,которыенужныпредпринимателям, чтобы преуспеть: здесь живут и работают тысячи людей, имеющихвысокую квалификацию и хорошо знающих новую технологию; здесь же немалофинансистов и промышленников, готовых вложить деньги в осуществление любоймногообещающей идеи.Почти все эти компании расположены на территории, имеющей форму треугольника,высотой в 40 километров и с основанием в 15 километров у юго-западного побережьяСан-Францисcкого залива.Стольисследовательскихфирмнаизобретательскойдеятельности,густаянебольшойконцентрациятерриториибеспрецедентныймногочисленныхвызвалавнастоящийисториинаучновзрывамериканскойпромышленности.
Применяя технологию, которой еще несколько лет назад несуществовало, фирмы разрабатывали то, что раньше казалось сказкой.Одной из таких удивительных рождающих идеи компаний стали «Шокли транзистор» и«Фэрчайлд семикондактор». Люди, которые в то или другое время были сотрудниками«Фэрчайлда», основали свои 38 новые фирмы, включая созданную Бобом Нойсом«Интел». Эти компании превратили часть округа Санта-Клара в «кремниевую долину», мировую столицу полупроводниковой техники.Прошло уже полстолетия с тех пор, как Фредерик Терман создал свое научнотехническое содружество.
В свои 74 года он все еще с тем же воодушевлением говорил осозданной им технологической империи: « Пока мы идем тем же путем, по которому мыдостигли того, что мы сегодня имеем, - нет предела нашему развитию».3. Discussion Points:1.The story of development of the US science.2.NAS and NASA .Think Tanks and R&D in the US Universities.3.The story of “Silicon Valley”:4..Intel, Apple, Sun and Microsoft now..ChapterVII. MEDIARead and translate the following words and word combinations:an average circulationnotoriouslypaper of international excellence“muckraking”-digging out the dirtto exposeto commissionto balance political opinionmalpracticeto give balanced news coverageto sue for libel or slanderop-ed pages (opposite the editorial page)this is especially noteworthya cartoon- a cartoonistto be ubiquitous - ubiquitycomic stripscumulative effectto slant the newsto be awesomea political biasto be in perilfrom praise to ridiculedisparaging and dismissive termNewspapersAmerican newspapers get much of their news from the two US largest news agencies AP(Associated Press) and UPI (United Press International).AP is the oldest international agency (founded in 1848).
It maintains reporters andcameramen at 122 domestic and 65 foreign news bureaus and has some 10,000 subscribes in115 countries.- newspapers, radio and television stations and other agencies which pay toreceive and use AP news and photographs.UPI has 92 domestic and 81 foreign bureaus in over 90 countries. It is estimated thataltogether, around 2 billion people get most of their news directly or indirectly through AP andUPI.According to statistics, more than 9,000 newspapers (daily, weekly, Sunday, etc.) appearin 6,516 cities and towns in the United States.
Including the 85 papers published in 34 differentlanguages, the daily newspapers in the United States sell over 63 million copies a day. There arealso more than 7,000 newspapers, which are published weekly, semiweekly or monthly.It is often said that there is no “national press” in the United States as there is in Great Britain.In one sense this is true. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally, or regionally.
Americansbuy one of the big city newspapers in addition to the smaller local ones. There have beenattempts to publish truly national newspapers, e.g. USA Today. But it still has only a circulationof 1.2 million, which is not enough in a country where state, city, and local news and politicaldevelopments most deeply affect readers and are therefore especially interesting to them.The papers with large circulation and national brand The Wall Street Journal, The NewYork Times, The Washington Post, and The Los Angeles Times not only print newspapers,but also collect and sell news, news features, and photographs to hundreds of other papers inthe U.S.A.
and abroad. Many other newspapers “borrow” news from the major Americannewspapers and magazines, so their influence spreads far beyond their own readers.Political and editorial cartoons are also widely syndicated. Well-known politicalcartoonists such as Olyphant or MacNelly are known to most American and many foreignnewspapers readers. Comic strips from Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau, or the creator of“Garfield” are similarly distributed.
Satire and humor columns often have internationalreputations as well. . Many newspapers also use syndicated columnists as a way of balancingpolitical opinion. The so-called op-ed pages (opposite the editorial page) of newspapers,columns from leading liberal and conservative commentators are often printed side by side.Many American newspapers have Sunday editions, which are much larger than regular ones(some of them around 900 pages).
Reading the Sunday paper is not only English but also anAmerican tradition. Getting through all the sections can take readers most of the day, leaving justenough time for the leisurely Sunday dinner.Most newspapers are of the “quality” rather than the “popular” variety. But the tradition of“muckraking”- digging out the dirt and exposing it for all to see - is still extremely strong. Whensomething which has been hidden behind closed doors about public figures, politicians, judges,policemen, generals, business leaders, sports figures, or TV and movie personalities. is broughtto the front pages, it can appear in a lot of newspapers.The American press responds by quoting their constitutional rights and proudly repeatingThomas Jefferson’s noble words: “Our liberty depends on freedom of the press, and that cannotbe limited without being lost”.
The Freedom of Information Act allows anyone, includingnewspaper reporters, to get information. Even small-town newspapers employ reporters who arekept busy searching, for example, of political corruption, business malpractice, or industrialpollution. Courts and judges cannot stop a story or newspaper from being published. Almost allAmerican editors and journalists agree that news should be separated from opinion about thenews as much as possible, and that opinion and political viewpoints belong to the editorial andopinion pages.
Therefore, when a news story appears with a reporter’s name, it means that theeditors consider it to be a mixture of fact and opinion.When the Internet first engaged the attention of the newspaper industry, it looked like anew, cheap distribution medium. To papers such as The Washington Post or The New YorkTimes the internet offered a way of getting the paper around more of the country and sellingsuch products as data and analysis along with the paper..Besides newspapers there are over 11, 000 magazines and periodicals in the UnitedStates. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week.They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to tennis, from aviation andgardening to computers and literary criticism.
Altogether, there are about 60 magazines in theUnited States that sell over a million copies per issue each, and roughly the same number withmore than 500,000 copies per issue.Quite a few have international editions, are translated into other languages, or have“daughter” editions in other countries. Among such internationals are Time, Newsweek,and U.S.
News& World Report, National Geographic, Reader’s Digest, Cosmopolitan,Vogue, Time, Newsweek,and Psychology Today.The best known professionalperiodicals The Atlantic Monthly, Harvard Educational Review, Saturday Review,National Geographic, Smithsonian (published by the Smithsonian Institution inWashington, D.C.), Scientific American, etc. provide a broad and substantial forum forserious discussion and have a huge readership both in the USA and abroad.Radio and TelevisionThere are many different types and varieties of American radio and television:commercial, non-commercial, individual, etc. There are similar types of stations, but noone station is exactly the same as another.All radio and television stations in the United States, public or private, educational orcommercial, large and small, must be licensed to broadcast, by the independent federalagency.
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