Текст Лекции (изначальный) (1157953), страница 17
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Низший слой включаллюдей, посланных в Америку за счет Лондонской компании. Они обязывались в течениеконтракта выполнять любую порученную им работу. После окончания контракта каждыйиз них мог получить свою землю. Их называли сервентами.Постепенно “сервенты” Виргинии становились батраками у землевладельцев ирезервомработниковбудущихкапиталистическихмануфактур.Такимобразом,постепенно в Виргинии создавалось капиталистическое производство. Однако количествосервентов, прибывавших из Европы, не удовлетворяло потребности колониальногохозяйства.
Делались попытки превратить индейцев в рабов, но они были безуспешны.Нужны были новые рабочие руки, которыми стали. черные рабы из Африки..Б) Первые поселения.За группой пуританских пилигримов в 1620 г. в последующие годы потянулисьпредставители других протестантских верований, намеревающихся на новом континентеустроить жизнь в соответствии со своими религиозными убеждениями. Численностьнаселения росла быстрыми темпами.
За первой английскойволной эмиграциипоследовали другие; в Северную Америку стали приезжать немцы, голландцы,швейцарцы и французы, превращая колонии в огромный «Этнический котел».Английские короли пытались насадить за океаном феодальные отношения: раздавалисвоим приближенным земли, жаловали хартии, согласно которым землевладелец моготдавать землю зависимым держателям. Однако развитие колоний пошло по иному,гораздо более прогрессивному пути.Идеология «здорового эгоизма», стимулирующая конкурентную борьбу, культсупермена-одиночки, преодолевающего все препятствия на пути к успеху, и девиз «времяденьги», подхлестывающий деловую активность, привели к быстрому развитиюпроизводства. Уже в первой половине 17 в.
начали появляться города – будущие центрыпромышленности и торговли. В 1640-х гг. возникли первые мануфактуры; развивалосьсудостроение. В Нью-Йорке и Пенсильвании появились железоплавильные печи, и вскорепроизводство железа увеличилось настолько, что это стало беспокоить англичан.На севере распространилось фермерство, т.е. утверждался капиталистический путьразвитиясельскогохозяйства.Этомуспособствовалиогромныенеосвоенныепространства земли. Уход на Запад был способом решения споров между арендаторами иземлевладельцами: беднейшие колонисты захватывали свободные земли, причем, какправило, делали это самовольно и становились независимыми собственниками земли.В богатых, работающих на внешний рынок южных колониях, долго сохранялосьплантационное хозяйство, основанное на рабском труде.Part III.War for Independence.
American RevolutionRead and translate the following words and word combinations:legislative assembliesoffensiveto put/ levy a duty ondisguised asto dump the cargoto furnish shelterpunitive measuresgrievancesto be aligned withto bring the insurgent colonists into lineto pledge supportnot be subdueduproarto lay down armsto repeal the dutiesskirmishto pledge supportrag-tag groups of irregularsto adopt amendmentsto subdueBy the middle of the 18 th century North America was no longer a serious ofPPisolated imperial outposts inhabited by Englishmen. By 1750 there were thirteen Britishcolonies, competing with the French ones.
In 1749 the French sent an expedition down theOhio River to claim the land in the Mississippi basin for Luis XV. The British governmentresponded by organizing an elaborate offensive against the French. The Seven Years’ Warended in the expulsion of France from North America and stirred a wave of patriotismamong the English population in America. Colonials cheered when the Treaty of Paris (1763)gave England control over all of North America east of the Mississippi.After the French war Great Britain rose to the heights of national power andprestige.
At the same time the costly seven-year struggle severely strained Britain’s treasuryand pointed up glaring differences of interests between England and Americans who feltmuch less dependent on the mother country. The colonies had become quite different and nolonger wanted to be seen as extensions of England. The controversy between England and thecolonies after 1763 revolved around the laws affecting the settlement of the West, colonialtrade, currency, taxes, courts of justice and legislative assemblie.The British Prime Minister George Granville was determined to make the Americancolonies realize their obligations to the Empire. He introduced a series of new administrativeand financial programs for America: the Quartering Act (1765) demanded colonials to furnishshelter and provisions for the English troops.; the Currency Act of 1764 extended an earlieredict against making colonial money legal.
A New Sugar and Molasses Act in 1764 put a dutyon the goods shipped to the colonies. Besides sugar taxes were put upon silk and wine. In1765 Stamp Act laid taxes on all printed items such as paper, licenses, newspapers, playingcards and even college diplomas. To show that the tax had been paid, a stamp seller put astamp on the paper.The answer in colonies was boycott against the importation of British goods. Thefirst political action - the Congress toward Stamp Act took place in New York. After morethan two weeks of debate at the Congress the representatives of nine colonies issued adeclaration of rights and grievances that stated that colonies could be taxed constitutionallyonly by their own legislatures. In 1766 an Organization “Sons of Liberty” was created inNew York, and together with other organizations it broadened the base of the resistancemovement.
They urged citizens not to buy imported goods. Even American women, whohad traditionally remained outside of politics, joined theresistance movement. In townsthroughout America young women calling themselves Daughters of Liberation sat publiclyat their spinning wheels all day boycotting English cloth, eating only American food anddrinking American herbal tea.In March 1770 British redcoats who had been sent to enforce certain British Actsclashed with colonial civilians. Five men were killed and six wounded. The incident waslater known as “The Boston massacre When the uproar in America reached Britain, theBritish Parliament repealed all the duties except the tea tax, but most basic sources ofdiscontent remained.. The Americans felt angry upon the presence of unnecessary troops,the English courts and customs officers.The East India Company, finding itself in critical financial state, appealed to theBritish government and was given a monopoly on all tea exported to North America.
When threeships loaded with tea came into the port of Boston in December 16, 1773 American colonistsrefused to pay the tax and unload the tea. Instead at night a group of 60 men disguised as Indiansboarded the ships and dumped the cargo of three hundred forty two chests into the water of theharbor This event came into American history under the name “The Boston Tea Party”. BritishKing George and Parliament condemned the “Tea Party” as an act of vandalism and advocatedlegal measures to bring the insurgent colonists into line.
Punitive measures were taken. Thenewly adopted British laws-called by the colonists “Coercive Acts’- closed the port of Bostonuntil the cost of the lost tea was paid for. New British officials were appointed in Americancolonies, and many more British troops were stationed there.But the resistance of the colonists continued to grow. In 1774 Americans established socalled Committees of Correspondence, which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress inPhiladelphia. Delegates from 12 colonies except Georgia wrote to King George asking to reopenBoston Harbor.
American lawyers Thomas Jefferson and James Wilson worked out the rights ofAmericans and their own legislation. King George did not answer the letter and sent morewarships to America. American patriots called on Americans to take up arms to defend theirrights. In April, 1775 the British regulars at Lexington and Concord (near Boston) were met byarmed American volunteers (so-called militia). Their first skirmished proclaimed the beginningof American War for Independence.The Second Continental Congress, which also convened in Philadelphia, authorized anAmerican army and appointed a young Virginian planter George Washington as its .commanderin-chief. On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independencefrom the British rule.
This famous document drafted by Thomas Jefferson maintained that allmen were created equal and proclaimed their rights for life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. TheDeclaration of Independence was signed in so-called Independence on the wall of which there isstill the famous Liberty Bell, which told the people outside about the historical decisions.Independence was inevitable.
Many Americans were ready to die for colonial rights, singing thewords from John Dickinson’s “Liberty Song”: “Come, join hand in hand, brave Americans, all,and rouse your hearts”.The war for Independence lasted for six years and was hard to win. In Great Britain at thattime there lived 9 million people, in the American colonies – less than 3 million, 20 percent ofwhich were slaves.
Britain had the world’s greatest navy and a strong army. The rag-tag groupsof irregulars seemed no match for England’s military might. Americans had only an ill trainedmilitia and no navy. Yet they had one great advantage – they were fighting at home and forfreedom. The colonial militia’s successes around Boston in the spring 1775 had contributed tothe American myth that British regulars were less effective than the colonials’ volunteers. At thesame time the British government and its generals made the fatal mistake of underestimatingWashington’ ragged army seriously. As the war progressed, discipline and experience appearedand though the colonists lost many battles, they learned that they could be beaten but they couldnot be subdued .The overwhelming triumph of the Americans at Saratoga in October 1777decided the Revolution.
Besides France seeking the revenge to Britain had secretly providedassistance to the rebellious colonies, dispensing goods and finances through a trading companyheaded by French author Pierre Caron de Beaumarchais.After the decisive victory of the colonial army at Yorktown in 1781 the British finally laiddown their arms. In 1783 the ultimate peace treaty was signed in Paris. Britain recognizedAmerican independence and agreed to withdraw all its troops from the American soil. AnAmerican flag was raised. The 13 states joined together into a confederation.
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