Summary Sizikova M (1136566), страница 3
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Two ofthe four scales match reliability criteria. We made the comparative study ofrates of counselors, clients and observers from first and second group on scales“Empathy” and “Respect” using Mann-Whitney U-test.Table 2. Results of comparative analysis of counselors, clients andobservers from group 1 and group 2.BLRI itemsMeanStandart deviation Mann-Whitney U-testPvalueGroup 1 Group 2 Group 1 Group 2Results of comparative analysis of counsellor's raitings from their own point of view«Empathy»49,6354,557,226,99309,50*,010«Respect»22,1322,452,413,51391,00,117Results of comparative analysis of counsellor's raitings from the clients point of view«Empathy»49,2261,013,207,31209,50**,000«Respect»21,1922,132,782,03403,00,190Results of comparative analysis of counsellor's raitings from the observers point ofview«Empathy»47,7859,3211,4410,43195,50**,000«Respect»21,6322,132,343,05396,00,15012We revealed statistically significant difference on scale of empathybetween group 1 and 2.Experienced counselling psychologists estimate the quality of theircontribution to relationship building process with client at a higher level thannovice counsellors.Client’s rates from group 1 (by comparison with group 2) showsignificant difference on empathy scale.
Clients of experienced psychologistsestimate the counsellor’s empathy level during sessions at a higher level thanclients of novices.Experienced therapists received higher marks on empathy scale fromobservers who supervised the therapeutic process than those with less workingexperience.Second section of third chapter describes procedure of preparation ofexperts to assign experimental sessions; we checked the results of expertassessment consensus with three evaluation techniques using Cronbach's alphaestimate. As we found the experts’ assessment was consistent, we made acomparison of averaged results of the expert assessment measures of threeexperts in two groups by triple methods.Table 3 represents averaged rating of three experts on every question ofTherapist Empathy Scale (TES) and results of comparison between group 1 and2 (Mann-Whitney U-test).Table 3.
Comparative analysis of results on averaged expert assessmentof various empathy markers in group 1 and 2.TES itemsMean ingroup 1Mean ingroup 1Mann-WhitneyU-testPvalue1. Concern3,706,405,50,0002. Expressiveness2,445,1420,00,0003. Resonate or capture clientfeelings2,755,834,00,0004. Warmth3,275,8312,50,0005. Attuned to client’s innerworld3,066,144,00,0006. Understanding cognitive2,835,851,50,00013framework7. Understanding feelings/innerexperience2,565,665,50,0008. Acceptance of feelings/innerexperiences2,995,891,00,0009. Responsiveness2,535,67,50,000By unanimous opinion of experts, experienced therapists give better care;they are more authentically involved in therapeutic process and stay focused onclient’s needs.
Counseling psychologists learn to be empathic, to invest energyand to use delicate voice nuances in order to encourage and reflect client’smanifestations. All those capabilities come with experience. Beginningcounsellor can use its role as shelter; just starting to investigate one’s ownboundaries.
This can make an impression of coldness and artificialness onexperts, thus it does not work on benefit of therapeutic alliance and confidence.Experienced counselors aim client’s inner world more efficiently andprecisely, they sometimes notice things that escape from consciousness of theclient. Beginning counselors are often deforming and replacing client’sphenomenology by their own ideas and feelings that are sometimes way off theoriginal material, feelings and emotional experience presented by client.Experienced counselors display the importance of thoughts and intentionsof client and are usually ready to perceive them with no prejudice or judgments;while a novice tends to start talking of its own experience and fantasizes of trueand false strategies and of what could be done in client’s position.Experienced counseling psychologists provide many opportunities forexploration of cognitive and emotional spheres to the client; they accuratelymirror things happening with client, give names to the emotional experience.Beginning therapists frequently fail to mirror and show themselvesnonresponsive to client’s corrections.Novices can be short with clients; they do not realize the sensibility of theclient.
While experienced psychotherapists show unconditional respect towardsclient’s feelings. They are sensitive and adjust reactions following client instead14of trying to control the dialogue in accordance to personal plans and ideas onpossible therapeutic strategies that novices lean on because of a leak of selfconfidence and experience.Table 4 represents averaged assessment of the three experts on Semioticaspects of every component of empathy and results of comparison of thoseassessments between group 1 and group 2 (made with Mann-Whitney test).Table 4: Comparative analysis of results: expert assessment of variouscomponents in group 1 and group 2.Semiotic aspect ofempathyMean ingroup 1Mean ingroup 2Mann-WhitneyU-testPvalueIndicative aspect1,273,376,00,000Nominative aspect0,782,8313,50,000Significative aspect1,423,664,00,000Expressive aspect0,552,3547,50,000Empathy is more revealed in experienced counselors practice in itsindicative aspect – professionals are able to help client concentrate on mostimportant things fast and precisely.
Counselor follows the client and is able toshift attention from external to the inner side of the problem and helps focusingon inner feelings triggered by the environment. Beginning counselors are verylikely to remain in discussion of external sides of the problem with noconnection to client's emotional experience.It is also typically occurring that beginning counselors interrupt thenarrative and start to inquire client's feelings towards present case, which canintensely frustrate, degrade confidence and block self-revelation of client.Nominative aspect of empathy helps professionals to name the particularemotional experience, to relegate it to a certain kind of phenomena, thus makinga figure of perception of client and therapeutic work.
Beginners often do notactualize nominative aspect of empathy in their work or they do it in a wrongway. That happens when a specialist responds to experience of client with toomuch comparison with one’s own and replace client feelings by one’s ownones.15Significative aspect of empathy occurs when a specialist helps client toattach significance to the emotional experience. In that case, the work withmeanings and experience can be fully enclosed in client’s cognitive sphere.Novices often do not proceed with this phase or tend to replace client'sunderstanding by one’s own.Expressive aspect is realized in professional work through use ofexpressive means of language. Counselor can express various intense ofempathy to the client using rich metaphors.
With this component, therelationship between client and therapist becomes truly intimate, the confidenceand working alliance significantly increase, client feels shared creativeness inprocess. Beginnings rarely use expressive means of language while workingwith clients.Experienced psychotherapists predominantly show all four empathyaspects in their work. Altogether, those aspects assure integral working throughemotional experience of the client.
Those four aspects are hardly ever revealedaltogether in beginner’s work.Table 5 shows average ratings of three experts (using Rogers-Truaxempathy scale) and results of comparison between group 1 and group 2 (usingMann-Whitney test).Table 5. Average experts rating of general empathy level in group 1 andgroup 2, results of comparative analysis.Rogers-Truax empathy scaleMean ingroup 1Mean ingroup 2Mann-WhitneyU-testPvalueGeneral empathy level in atherapeutic session2,003,6213,00,000Beginning psychotherapists mostly react on client's feelings and emotionsaffectively, not at the level of rationality and meaning. Novices tend tocommunicate their own ideas on what happens to client, which can be verymuch different from client's experience.Experienced counselors are sensitive and accurate in reactions to client'semotions as well as to their deeper feelings, lying below the surface; counselor16perceives tenderly and introduce gently those feelings that client cannot yetreveal.
Such specialist gets in tune with client; he can stay present in case of adeep self-revelation.In third section of the third chapter, we describe results of correlationalanalysis of all studied factors in all test groups, made with Spearman correlationanalysis.We searched for correlations through 30 factors, including workingexperience, age and various measures of professional and personal empathy, inevery group.In the goup of novice counselors (group 1) we found several correlationsbetween length of working experience and personal and professional empathylevels: length of professional practice correlates with «Perspective Taking»(IRI) (r = , 447*; p = ,010), «Understanding feelings/inner experience» (TES) (r= , 379*; p = ,032), «Nominative aspect of empathy» (SAE) (r = , 364*; p =,041).
Some negative correlations were found between age of subjects andseveral professional empathy indicators: «Concern» (TES) (r = , -425*; p =,015), «Warmth» (TES) (r = -,454**; p = ,009), «Responsiveness» (TES) (r = , 409*; p = ,020). Thus, age "operates against" professional empathy withinbeginning counselors.While researching correlations betwee personal and professional empathyin novice counselors we have found correlations between «Fantasy» (IRI) and«Concern» (TES) (r = ,351*; p = ,049), between «Empathic Concern» (IRI) andseveral items of counselors own assessment of his empathic interaction withclient: «Empathy» from counselor's perspective (BLRI) (r = ,378*; p = ,033),«Respect» from counselor's perspective (r = ,462**; p = ,033). Therefore, thehigher is the level of personal empathy of a psychotherapist, the higher thecounselor is assessing his own empathic interaction with client.
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