1999 Fleming, Joseph Fourier, the greenhouse effect, and the quest for a universal theory of terrestrial temperatures (1119302), страница 3
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Boththe Annales de Chimie et de Physique andthe M&moires de I’Acaddmie Royale desSciences de l’lnstitut de France are easy tofind in most major libraries. The 1827 article also appeared in the Oeuvres de Fourier,a readily available source24. As mentionedearlier, an English translation of Fourier’s1824 essay, by Ebeneser Burgess, was published in the American Journal of Sciencefor 1837.As I have demonstrated, Fourier’s articleof 1824 was not the first in which he mentioned the behavior of greenhouses.
Norwas this article in essence about the greenhouse effect. Accordingto Jones andHenderson-Sellers,‘the history of thegreenhouse effect is not well known outsidethe atmospheric sciences’25. We may alsosafely say that it is not well known insidethe atmospheric sciences.ConclusionUnderstanding of Fourier’s scientific worldview has steadily eroded over the years andis just now being recovered. His article of1827, cited by Arrhenius and by manyothers since as containing the ‘first’ allusionto the greenhouse effect, was merely areprint of a descriptive memoir publishedthree years earlier. Moreover, Fourier didnot actually use the term ‘serre’ (greenhouse) in his essay of 1824 in which he discussed the behavior of the heliothermometer. For Fourier the ‘temperature of space’,more than the ‘greenhouse effect’, was aprimary factor controlling terrestrial temperatures.
Those seeking to understandFourier’s scientific contributions must bewilling to look well beyond the secondaryliterature and well before 1827 to place hisquest for a universal theory of terrestrialtemperatures in the context of his work onthe analytic theory of heat.Notes and references1Grattan-Guinness, I., with .I.
Ravitz (1972)Joseph Fouriel; 1768-1830: A survey of hislife and work, based on a critical edition ofhis monograph on the propagation of heatpresented to the Institute of France in1807, MIT Press2Fourier, .I. (1824) Remarques gknkrales surles temperatures du globe terrestre et desespacesplanhtaires,Ann.Chim.Phys.61011(Paris) 2nd ser., 27, 136167.
This essaywas reprinted,with slight changes,asFourier, J. (1827) Memoire sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espacesplanetaires, M&r. Acud. Sci. 2nd ser., 7,569-604.The EnglishtranslationofFourier’s1824 article,by EbeneserBurgess, was published in 1837 in theAmer: J. Sci. 32, l-20Herivel, J. (1975) Joseph Fourier;TheMan und the Physicist, p. 197, ClarendonPressFourier, J. (1824)Remarques generales surles temperatures du globe terrestre et desespaces planttaires,Ref.
2, pp. 163-164;Burgess translation, pp. 17-18Saussure. H.B. de (1874) [letter datedMarch 30, 17841, Journal de Paris no. 108,475-478; Saussure (1779-1796)Voyagesvol. 4,duns les Alpes, Neuchatel-Geneva,section 932, pp. 136-139Fourier, J. (1824) Remarques get&ales surles temperatures du globe terrestre et desespaces planetaires, Ref. 2, pp. 151-155and 165-167; Burgess translation, pp. l&l3and 19Fourier, J. (1807) Sur la propagation de lachaleur, presentt a l’lnstitut le 21 decembre1807, avec notes presenttesen 1808 et1809, reproduced in Ref. 1Mariotte. E. (1681) Traite de la nature descouleurs, in Oeuvres de M. Mariotte 2ndedn.
2 vols in 1, The Hague, p. 288Fourier,J. (1817)Questionssur latheorie physique de la chaleur rayonnante,Ann. Chim. Phys. (Paris) 2nd ser., 6,259-303Fourier, J. (1822) Theorie analytique de lachaleur, ParisFourier, J. (n.d.) Extrait d’une memoire surl’etat actual de la theorie physique et mathematique de chaleur, Theotie de la chaleur1213141516I77, Ouvrages sur la chaleur, MS, Collectiondes papiers du mathematicienFourier 29(MSS francais 22529), 79, Bibliothequenationale, Paris (hereafter Fourier Papers).My translation. The five laws of radiantheat are enumerated in Fourier, 5.
(nd.),Precis historiquesur la thtoriede lachaleur, ThCorie de la chaleur 3. Histoire dela Theorie,FourierPapers 25 (MSSfrancais 22525), 168Pouillet, C.S.M. (1836) Memoir on theSolar Heat, on the Radiating and AbsorbingPowers of the Atmospheric Air, and on theTemperatureof Space’. trans. RichardTaylor (I 846) Scientific Memoirs 4,6869.In 1833 Macedonio Melloni had definedthe term ‘diathermic’ as ‘diaphanous forheat’, from ‘dia’ (across) and ‘thermo’ (towarm)Tyndall, J. (1861) On the Absorption andRadiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours,and on the PhysicalConnectionofRadiation, Absorption.and Conduction,Phil. Mag.ser. 4, 22. 169-194and273-285Arrhenius, S.
(1896) On the Influence ofCarbonicAcid in the Air upon theTemperature of the Ground, Phil. Mug. ser.5,4 I, 237-276Ramanathan,V. (1988) The GreenhouseTheory of Climate Change: A Test byInadvertentGlobal Experiment,Science240, 293-299, quote from p. 293Ramanathan, V. (1988) The Radiative andClimatic Consequencesof the ChangingAtmospheric Composition of Trace Gases,in The Changing Atmosphere (Rowland,F.S. and Isaksen,I.S.A., eds), Wiley,159-186, quote from p. 160Jones, M.D.H.
and Henderson-Sellers,A.(1990) History of the Greenhouse Effect,Prog. Phys. Geog. 14, no. 1, p. 518Oppenheimer,DeadHeat:Greenhouse192021M. and Boyle, R.H. (1990)TheRaceAgainsttheEffect,p. 34, Basic Books.They provide the following citation onp. 222, Fourier, J. (1824) [sic] Les tempcratures [sic] du globe terrestre et des espacesplanetaires, Memoires [sic] de L’Academe[sic] Royal des Sciences de L’lnstitut deFrance 7, 569-604.The correct citation isgiven in Ref.
2Fourier, J. (1824) Remarques &en&ales surles temperatures du globe terrestre et desespaces planetaires, Ref. 2, 153, p. 12Rowlands,I.A. (1995) The Politics ofGlobalAtmosphericChange,p. 66,Manchester Univ. PressRevelle,R. (1985) Introduction:TheScientific History of Carbon Dioxide, inThe Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO?:NaturalVariations Archeanto Present(Sundquist.E.T.
and Broecker, W.S., eds),Monographs,Vol.32,AmericanGeophysicalUnion.l-4.Kellogg, W.W. (1987) Mankind’s Impacton Climate:The Evolutionof anAwareness, Climatic Change IO. I 13-l 36.Bach, W. ( 1984) Our Threatened Climate:GeophysicalWays ofAverting the CO, Problem ThroughRational Energ!Use. p. 320. trans. Jill22232425Jager, D. ReidelWeart, S. (1992) From the Nuclear FryingPan into the Global Fire, Bull. Atom. Sk,June.
pp. 19-27; Weart, S. (1997) TheDiscovery of the Risk of Global Warming,Physics Today, January, p. 36Handel. M.D. and Risbey. J.S. (1992) AnAnnotated Bibliography on the GreenhouseEffect and ClimateChange,ClimaticChange 21. no. 2, pp. 97-255Fourier, J. (1890) Oeuvres de Fourier,(Gaston Darboux, ed.). Paris. 2, 97ffRef.
17, p. 5EndeavourVol. 23(2) 199975.
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