PRGRM_4 (1110859)

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PROGRAMME 4

Text One

Work and Play

...tell you about my two sons as you asked in your last letter.

Malcolm has been working very hard all this year, because he is sitting some examinations

this month and he is determined to win a scholarship to study History at the University of Oxford.

Although the sun has been shining all day today, he has been sitting at home reading about

the history of the French Revolution. Fortunately he adores books, especially history books,

and he isn't interested in games. In any case he hasn't enough time for sport, as he spends

all his time and money on books.

His younger brother James is totally different. He is bored with school and studying,

but he is very keen on games. He loathes books, especially the books they oblige him to read at school.

He never stays indoors when the weather is reasonably fine, and today he has been playing tennis

for hours with his friends. He is fond of football, but tennis is his favourite sport and,

although he is only 16, he is the school champion and he has already won several tournaments.

When he is old enough, he hopes to become a professional player, so he spends a lot of time

practising and trying to improve his game. His mother doesn't really approve.

Ann has been busy lately making some...

Programme 4

Text Two

Career Prospects

Susan: How have your two sons been doing at school lately Andy?

Andy: Terrible! James never starts working and Malcolm never stops working.

Susan: You're joking, of course. I hear that Malcolm is likely who win all the prises in the exam this year.

Andy: Yes, so his teachers say. But he deserves to do well. He's always

been so conscientious and hard-working, and he's been slaving at his books every evening for months on end recently. He wants to go to Oxford University next year.

Susan: Maybe he'll become a university lecturer himself eventually.

Andy: Maybe. But I think he studies too hard; I sometimes wish he'd go

out and enjoy himself for a change.

Susan: Yes... What about the younger one?

Andy: Well, James' teachers say that he has ability, but that he's too

inconsistent and that he rarely does his best. In other words, he's not

bad when he makes an effort, but he's too idle. He couldn't care less about exams. He does his homework in ten minutes every evening and then rushes out to play tennis.

Susan: He's crazy about tennis, isn't he? Perhaps he can make his fortune at it. You can make more money from sport than from an old-fashioned profession these days.

Andy: So I believe. But my wife always worries about the children's future.

She wants James to give up tennis and study law, but I don't

believe in forcing boys to take up careers they're not cut out for.

I wonder how James'll develop in a couple of years' time!

Programme 4

Text Three

After the Exams

Malcolm: What did you think of the exams, Pete? I reckon they were dead easy.

Pete: Maybe they were easy enough for you but they were much

too hard for me.

Malcolm: Oh, come on. You've probably done better than you think.

Pete: No, I'm dead certain I've failed in Latin, and most likely in French and History too. Thank goodness it's all over though. We can forget about it now at least until the results come out.

Malcolm: Yes. Now I can get on with reading all the books I've been

wanting to read for month, but haven't had time for.

Pete: What!.. Well, it's up to you, I suppose, but I've had enough of reading; I'm not going to open another book for months. Don't you think we all deserve a break?

Malcolm: Well, yes... I'll take a day or two off perhaps. And I think

I'll come to Bob's sister's party tomorrow night. But if I'm going to university in October, I'll have to get down to some serious work

again pretty soon.

Pete: I've got to get through the A level exam's first. I'll worry about university if and when I ever get there.

Malcolm: That's the trouble with you. You always try to do everything

at the last minute.

Pete: And you're too serious, that's your trouble. You never stop swotting.

Malcolm: Well, I like reading.

Pete: And I can't stand it. I don't know why I decided to try to go to university in the first place. I think I'll run away and join

the army or something.

Programme 4

Notes: Forms and Patterns

1 Tenses: Present Perfect Continuous

The sun has been shining all day today. (It's still shining.)
Today he has been playing tennis for hours. (He's just come home, very tired.)
It has been raining, but it has stopped now. (The streets are wet.)

This tense is used for a continuous action begun in the past and either
still continuing or recently completed but with continuing effects.

He has been slaving at his books every evening for months now.
I have been writing poems to her regularly for years now.
It is also used to describe actions repeated many times over a period of
time up to the present.

I have lived here since 1970. I have been living here since 1970.
It has been raining for days. It hasn't rained for days.
While both present perfect tenses are often possible, the continuous form
is more likely when the nature and duration of the action need emphasis.
and is less likely in the negative.

I have been drinking tea all the morning. (How long?)
I have drunk five cups of tea this morning. (How many?)
That fellow has drunk my whisky. (It's all gone.)
That fellow has been drinking my whisky. (He's left me a little?)
The continuous tense often emphasises a continuous period, or an
incomplete action; the shirt present perfect a number or quantity, or a
completed action.

N.B. The continuous tense often occurs with 'for* and 'since', and with
expressions like 'all day', 'all night'.

2 Very/too/enough

He works very hard. (A fact; probably, he deserves to pass his exam.)
He works too hard. (I do not approve; he will harm himself.)
It is very expensive. (I may or may not buy it.)
It is too expensive. (Therefore I can't or won't buy it.)
'Very' has no negative idea, while 'too' always suggests the presence
of more than is required or desired.
He hasn't enough time. They were easy enough for you.
He didn't look carefully enough. I think this will be enough.
Enough occurs before a noun, after an adjective or adverb, and by itself.

Programme 4

3 Genitives: 's'-genitive and 'of the'

I went to Bob's party. (X ... the party of Bob. X)
I didn't like his sisters' friends. (Bob has more than one sister.)
I liked his children's records. (He has several children.)
His brother is James' (s) teacher. (One boy; pronounced 'James' or 'James-iz'.)
This is Bob's mother's house. (Likely to be spoken only.)
Are you a friend of Bob's mother's ? (Again spoken: double genitive,

rare in written English.)
What's the tall man's name?
What's the name of the tall man in the corner? ('of the' is easier to say,

and more acceptable to write, than 'the ... corner's name'.)
I'm studying the history of the French Revolution.
Thank goodness it's the end of the exams. (X ... the exams' end. X)
Generally, the genitive in (s) ' (s) is used with people and most animals
while 'of the' is used in all other cases. When a person-noun is followed
by a qualifying phrase, 'of the' is sometimes used.

Note also these expressions using the 's'-genitive:
A couple of years' time. A few hours' break.
An hour's work. A pound's worth of
The school's traditions. Harpole's pubs.

4 the

He wants to study history. (History generally.)
James loathes history books. (History books in general.)
I like red wine. My wife loves music. (No particular red wine/music in mind.)
He was studying the history of the French Revolution. (In particular.)
He loathes the books he has to read at school. (We know which books.)
I like the red wine they serve here, and my wife loves the music.

Both countable plural and uncountable nouns are used without 'the' when
we are speaking generally, with 'the' when we are speaking of certain
particular examples.

Note the effect of a qualifying phrase beginning 'of':
American history. The history of America.
French wine. The wine of France.

Note also:
Oxford University. The University of Oxford.

Programme 4

Prepositions, Verbs, Phrases, Idioms

sit exams The students sit the G.C.E. exams in June.
bored with I'm bored with watching television.
keen on I'm not keen on the cinema.
fond of They are very fond of their cat.
do well I'm sure he will do well at Oxford if he gets there.
on end It has been raining for days on end.
for a change I'm tired of tea; let's have some coffee for a change.
what about "I don't like wine." "What about beer?" "Yes, I like beer."
do (my) best I didn't pass, but I did my best.

in other words They never work hard. In other words, they're just lazy.
couldn't care less "I failed again, but I couldn't care less."
crazy about "Young girls today are all crazy about pop stars."
make a fortune He made a fortune during the war, then spent it all.
worry about Charles is worried about his cat.
give up I gave up chocolates when I got too fat.
believe in Do you believe in ghosts?
take up We took up sailing when we moved to Portsmouth.
cut out for This man is not cut out for an office job.
dead (absolutely) "These tests are dead simple." "You're dead right!"
come on "I'll never finish in time." "Come on. Of course you will." thank goodness "We're home at last." "Thank goodness for that!"
all over It was hard work, but it's all over now.
come out This magazine comes out once a month.
get on with "Get on with the work or we'll never finish today."
up to (you) "Shall we leave at 9 or 10 ?" "I don't mind. It's up to you."
have enough of "I've had enough of working late at night."
day off We always get three days off at Christmas.

get down to "I feel tired, but I must get down to work again."
pretty (very) "Malcolm's pretty good at tennis, isn't he?"
get through After three failures I finally got through the driving test.
can't stand "I like John, but I can't stand his girlfriend."

Programme 4

Practice Section
Text One

sitting at home
Malcolm has been sitting at home
the French Revolution
the history of the French Revolution
reading about the history of the French Revolution
Malcolm has been sitting at home reading about the history of the French Revolution.
he adores books
Fortunately he adores books,
history books
especially history books,
interested in games
and he isn't interested in games.

Fortunately he adores books, especially history books, and he isn't interested in games.

Text Two

Susan: How are your boys, Andy?/ I hear Malcolm's doing well at school.
Andy: Yes, he's been working very hard. / He studies for hours on end
every evening, you know.
Susan: Is he going to university?
Andy: Well, he hopes to go to Oxford, / and his teachers say he deserves
to. / But I wish he'd stop sometimes. / He's a bit too conscientious.
Susan: And what do James' teachers say about him?
Andy: Oh, he's not bad, / but he's too idle and inconsistent. / He couldn't
care less about homework or exams.
Susan: Perhaps he'll make his fortune at tennis.
Andy: Ann thinks he should give it up. / She wants him to take up law, /
but I don't think he's cut out for it.

Drill I (R) John's still waiting for Mary.
How long has he been waiting for her?

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