C.Ю. Резникова - Учебно-методическое пособие Biology and Other Sciences (1110810), страница 2
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They allowed for the discovery and8detailed analysis of many molecules and metabolic pathwaysof the cell, etc.D) Biological systems are inherently nano in scale. Unlike nanotechnology, nanobiology ischaracterized by the interplay between physics, materials science, synthetic organic chemistry,engineering and biology. Interdisciplinary collaborations in this field are essential and disciplinesconverge. The amazing complexity of systems and the richness of the shapes and properties providedby the biological polymers offer to researchers an enormous range of stimulating problems. Thephysical sciences provide tools and strategies to obtain accurate measurements and simulate theinformation to allow comprehension of various biological systems and processes.
Computationalmodeling will enhance the application of nanotechnology to key areas such as drug delivery andbiomaterial design.E) Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions witheach other and their environments (their paleoecology). As a "historical science" it tries to explaincauses rather than conduct experiments to observe effects. Paleontological observations have beendocumented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as aresult of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century.Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, and shares with archaeology a borderthat is difficult to define. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, includingbiochemistry, mathematics and engineering.
As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developedspecialized subdivisions, some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others studyecological and environmental history, such as ancient climates.F) Systems biology aims at system-level understanding of biology. This means an examination ofthe structure and dynamics of cellular and organismal function, rather than the characteristics ofisolated parts of a cell or organism.
Prominent examples for biological systems are the immunesystem or the nerve system, which already have the word system included. Nowadays numerouscenters devoted to Systems Biology are opened worldwide, and other research collaborationsbringing together expertise in mathematics, information science and biology are funded.G) The transfer of technology between lifeforms and manufacturesis, according to proponents of bionic technology, inevitablebecause evolutionary pressure typically forces living organisms tobecome highly optimized and efficient. In 1958 Jack E. Steelecoined the term bionics, meaning ‘like life’ for the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study anddesign of engineering systems and modern technology.
Examplesof bionics (also known as biomimetics) in engineering include thehulls* of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins; sonar, radar,and medical ultrasound imaging imitating the echolocation of bats.In chemistry the observation that the surface of the lotus flowerplant is practically unsticky for anything led to the development ofdirt- and water-repellent paint (coating) - so called the lotus effect.In the field of computer science, the study of bionics has producedartificial neurons, artificial neural networks, and swarmintelligence*. Evolutionary computation was also motivated bybionics ideas but it took the idea further by simulating evolution insilico and producing well-optimized solutions that had neverappeared in nature.9hull – корпусswarm intelligence - роевый интеллектH) Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.Earth is the only known inhabited planet in the universe to date.
However, advancements in the fieldsof astrobiology, observational astronomy and discovery of large varieties of extremophiles withextraordinary capability to thrive in harshest environments on Earth, have led to speculation that lifemay possibly be thriving on many of the extraterrestrial bodies in the universe. This interdisciplinaryfield encompasses the search for habitable environments in our Solar System and habitable planetsoutside our Solar System, the search for evidence of prebiotic chemistry, laboratory and field researchinto the origins and early evolution of life on Earth, and studies of the potential for life to adapt tochallenges on Earth and in outer space. Astrobiology makes use of physics, chemistry, astronomy,biology, molecular biology, ecology, planetary science, geography and geology to investigate thepossibility of life on other worlds and help recognize biospheres that might be different from theEarth's.
A particular focus of current astrobiology research is the search for life on Mars due to itsproximity* to Earth and geological history. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that Marshas previously had a considerable amount of water on its surface.proximity – близость, cоседство2. Answer the following questions.a) Who introduced the term bioinformatics? What studies does it encompass?b) What sciences gave birth to geomicrobiology? What does it explore?c) What revolutionary idea underlies the emergence of biochemistry?d) Which traditional sciences take advantage of biocmemical studies?e) What contributions to nanobiology does physics make?f) Does paleontology investigate remains of plants and animals?g) What kinds of systems does bionics apply?h) What does astrobiology study?i) What sciences contribute to astrobiological research?j) What is systems biology aimed at?3.
Expand your diagram in Task 1 Lead in section on page 7. What would you add?Why? What subject areas for interdisciplinary research in biology are ofparticular interest for you?4. Find in the text words and word combinations which are similar in meaning to thefollowing.10a) fastb) hugec) advocated) plant/animal remainse) involvesf) stressg) attemptsh) unavoidablei) brainj) human-madek) naturallyl) flourishm) joinn) assumptiono) severep) includeq) greatr) proof5.
Look back in the text and find adjectives that are similar in meaning to the wordimportant. Complete the wordweb. What other words do you know? Check in thedictionary the difference in their meanings.6. Match the verbs in column A with the nouns in column B to make phrases used inthe texts.AB1) to solvea) attention2) to coinb) a border3) to focusc) processes4) to adapt tod) problems5) to explaine) collaborations6) to sharef) effects7) to observeg) tools and strategies8) to provideh) a term9) to producei) challenges10)j) informationto fund11Focus on language1.
Study the rules in the box below and translate the sentences into your nativelanguage. Pay attention to the words in bold.Bioethics is the philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought aboutby advances in biology and medicine.Technological advances in such diverse areas as organ transplantation andend-of-life care, posed novel questions regarding when and how care might bewithdrawn.Participle clausesA clause is a part of a sentence.Advances in physics and mathematics have been responsible for many breakthroughsmade in life sciences over the past half century.We use -ing clauses to say what sb\sth is or was doing at a particular time.Only science can solve many of the impending problems facing our society nowadayssuch as global warming, overpopulation, etc.
(A lot of problems are facing oursociety nowadays).When we talk about things, we can use –ing clause for permanent characteristics.Technological advances in such diverse areas as organ transplantation and end-oflife care, posed novel questions regarding when and how care might be withdrawn.(The questions regard when and how care might be withdrawn).We use -ed clauses to say that sb\sth was exposed to some kind of activity or action.Bioethics is the philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about byadvances in biology and medicine. (These controversies were brought about byadvances in biology and medicine).2. Rewrite the sentences. Each time use the information in brackets to make –ing or–ed clauses. Translate these sentences into your native language.a) Bioinformatics has been primarily used since at least the late 1980s in some areasof genomics. (These areas involve large-scale DNA sequencing)b) In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper on the synthesis of urea. (This paperproved that organic compounds can be created artificially)c) Since the 1990s fossils have provided new information about the earliestevolution of animals, early fish, dinosaurs and the evolution of birds and12mammals.
(These fossils were found in China)d) A number of animals feed on plants. (They live in the soil)e) Research is not usually organized along disciplinary lines. (It is conducted byindustry and government)f) Significant advances in the natural sciences and engineering increasingly involvea number of diverse fields. (These fields include those in the social sciences,humanities and health sciences)g) Despite the obvious benefits of interdisciplinary research, scientists often facedaunting obstacles and disincentives. (A lot of scientists are interested ininterdisciplinary research)h) The World Wide Web has tremendously changed our way of life.
(It wasoriginally developed for high-energy physicists)3. Go back to the texts (A-H) on pages 8-10 and pick up more examples of –ing and–ed clauses. Translate them into your native language.4. Study the list of words and classify them under the headings below:computational biologybiophysicschemistrybiologymetabolismhuman virologyecologybiomechatronicsmathematicsgeophysicsanimal behaviorastronomyphysical chemistrymedicinefood microbiologybiological variationprotein biochemistrybioeconomyDisciplinary science: biologyInterdisciplinary science: geomicrobiologyDisciplines of biological sciences: biodiversity135. Go back to the texts (A-H) on pages 8-10 and pick up more words to add to thelists under each heading in Task 1.
Look up the dictionary for their pronunciationand meaning.Get realSearch the Internet and/or popular science magazines to findout more about cutting edge interdisciplinary research inbiology. Choose the one you find most interesting and make aPower Point presentation about it. Make use of the guidelines(and the Functional language box below):what is being investigatedwho is doing the researchwhat is the purpose and novelty of the researchFunctional language…… (field)……. (name/term)…… (field)is a science / studystudiesdeals withencompassesentailsconcernswas coinedis creditedmeansbecame establishedhas advanceshas becomehas ledusesutilizesappliesprovidesbridgesblends boundariesincludeshas developed14of …….……. (problem)…….. (scope)by …… (person)to …… (person)in ……. (time)at …… (place)to … (further research)…… (theory, methods, tool, approach,concept)…….. (other fields of study)with …(other fields of study)…… (subdivisions)ListeningListen to the interview with two Stanford graduate students, Paul and Sue, talking abouttheir experience of interdisciplinary studies.
Complete the tasks below.1. Listen to an interview with Paul Miller and complete the chart.1) Name of the interdisciplinary programme(first subject area + second subject area)2) Advantages of doing interdisciplinary research3) Personal qualities of people who choose to dointerdisciplinary study4) Job opportunities5) Advice to potential interdisciplinary students2. Listen again and fill in the gaps in the extract below.… I am pursuing my 1) _______ dissertation to develop an interdisciplinary graduateprogram in 2) _______ and management because I firmly believe that no 3) _______ isperfect and no real world problem comes in a packet....
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