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/2->-11&%& 4<K+ 1- (1)+'4-$+ (;1 a0) 1-6&,()/@ *+1:K+ k /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8, 1- (1)+'4-$+ (b0 1) | =&$:K+ k /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8. $+,&4-)+$:1&, k 2 (a0 b0).;1;1;;2) & )+6 7&', 7&2- bi ; ai > " (i = 0 1 : : :) =.,+* 4<3(/$@): ci+1 = ai + bi .2/$( n (ci+1 ) < k , )& 7&$-%-+* ai+1 = ci+1 , bi+1 = bi , (1-3+ 7&$-%-+*ai+1 = ai , bi+1 = ci+1 .;3) 9+'+6&,(* 2 7.12). 2.4) 9& &2&13-1(( ;)&%& 7'&0+//- ().+. bi ; ai < " ) 4 2-3+/)4+ &)4+)- =+'+*k = ai +2 bi (2&)&'&+ @4$@+)/@ (n (bi) ; n (ai))-2'-)1<* /&=/)4+11<*>1-3+1(+*).;;- 2-A,&* K-%+ i = 0 1 : : : 4<7&$1+1& k 2 (ai bi), 7'( ;)&* ,$(1- (1a0 , i = 0 1 : : : .
$+,&4-)+$:1&, ,$@ ,&/)(A+1(@ )&31&)+'4-$- bi ; ai = b0 ;i2/)( " ().+. bi ; ai < " ) 1-,& /,+$-): 3(/$& K-%&4 m , &7'+,+$@+*&+ (> ./$&4(@b0 ; a0 < " , ).+. (b ; a )" 1 < 2m , m > log (b ; a )" 1 = log ((b ; a )" 1) =002 0002 02m1log2(b0 ; a0 ) + log2 " .;;;;x 6.2. "*% &'"@ & >&' : :$%&" $ >69./): )'+=.+)/@ 1-8)( 4/+ /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(@ *-)'(0< A 1- (1)+'4-$+Ua b] / )&31&/):L " > 0..C+/)4.+) 1+/2&$:2& /7&/&=&4 &'%-1(>&4-): 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/): 4<3(/$+1(8.x 6.2.1. !%&' "*% '+2.'/(41&8 5&'*+ -$%&'()* 5&'*.$('.+)/@ 1-(=&$++ 7'&/)& ( 7'( 7'-4($:1&8 '+-$(>-0(( '-=&)-+) 1-(=&$++ =</)'&.$%&'()* &7'+,+$+1(@ 4/+6 /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8 1- &)'+>2+ Ua b] / )&31&/):L " :..
x6. & $95/$( b ; a > " ( n (b) ; n (a) 6= 0 ().+. 3(/$& /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8 1Ua b] 1+ '-41& 0), )&&7'+,+$(): 4/+ /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(@ 1- &)'+>2+ Ua a +2 b ] / )&31&/):L"T&7'+,+$(): 4/+ /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(@ 1- &)'+>2+ U a + b b] / )&31&/):L2".(1-3+, +/$( n (b) ; n (a) 6= 0, )& a +2 b @4$@+)/@ (n (b) ; n (a))-2'-)1<*/&=/)4+11<* >1-3+1(+*, &7'+,+$+11<* / )&31&/):L " .;;;;;;(1-3+ 1- &)'+>2+ Ua b] 1+) /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8.,1-2&, 7&/2&$:2. %$.=(1- '+2.'/(( *&A+) ,&/)(%-): n ( -$%&'()* &=<31&7'(*+1@+)/@ 2 )'+6,(-%&1-$:1<* *-)'(0-*, '->*+'1&/): 2&)&'<6 *&A+) =<):&3+1: 4+$(2- (/&)1( )</@3), )& %!%E & B "*% "$! %*:&' 5%*%' 5!.x 6.2.2.
"*% 5"$&"#* 5 >&' : ;)&8 5&'*.$('&42+ -$%&'()* '-=&)-+) *+,$+11++, 3+* 7'+,<,.C(8, 1& 1+)'+=.+) '+2.'/((.9./): n (a) = k1 , n (b) = k2 ().+. 1- &)'+>2+ Ua b] 1-6&,()/@ k2 ; k1 6= 0/&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8 k1 +1 : : : k2 / .3+)&* 2'-)1&/)(). 9&$&A(* k1 = a .$@ 4/+6 k = k1 + 1 : : : k2 =.,+* 1-6&,(): k -+ 7& 4+$(3(1+ /&=/)4+11&+>1-3+1(+, (/7&$:>.@ -$%&'()* x 6.1, 2&)&'<8 1-3(1-+* / a0 = k 1 , b0 = b .;;;x 6.3. "*% &'"@ & >&' : $>69&$&A(* a = ;kAk , b = kAk , )&%,- 4 /($.
$+**< I.1.4 n (a) = 0,n (b0 ) = n , ( 1- &)'+>2+ Ua b] 1-6&,@)/@ 4/+ /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(8 *-)'(0< A .$@ (6 1-6&A,+1(@ 7'(*+1@+* -$%&'()* (> x 6.2.11;;x 6.4. '" " 5% : & 5"$&"#*"&' %&$@ '+-$(>-0(( ;)(6 -$%&'()*&4 1-,& .*+): =</)'& 4<3(/$@): 5.120(Ln () = S (A ; I ) | 3(/$& 7+'+*+1 >1-2- 4 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/)( 1 1 2 : : : n%$-41<6 *(1&'&4 *-)'(0< A ; I . F)- 5.120(@ *&A+) =<): 4<3(/$+1- ,&/)-)&31& =</)'& )&$:2& ,$@ )'+6,(-%&1-$:1<6 *-)'(0.
9&;)&*. (/6&,1.L /(**+)'(31.L *-)'(0. A 7+'+, 1-3-$&* -$%&'()*- *+)&,- =(/+20(( 7'(4&,@) 2)'+6,(-%&1-$:1&*. 4(,. .1()-'1<* 7&,&=(+* &,1(* (> &7(/-11<6 4<K+ /7&/&=&4 (/*.x I.14.2 ( x I.15.2).;.. x6. & $96$@ 4<3(/$+1(@ 5.120(( n () ,$@ )'+6,(-%&1-$:1<6 /(**+)'(31<6 *-)'(0 /.C+/)4.L) 1+/2&$:2& /7&/&=&4.;x 6.4.1. '" " 5% : & 5"$&"#*"&' %& 5?#E LU -%:"F@9./): )'+=.+)/@ 4<3(/$(): 3(/$& 7+'+*+1 >1-2- 4 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/)(1 1 2 : : : n %$-41<6 *(1&'&4 )'+6,(-%&1-$:1&8 *-)'(0< A (4 -$%&'()*+A := A ; I ).9&/)'&(* ,$@ *-)'(0< A LU -'->$&A+1(+ (/*. x I.5.2, /)'.
23). /($. &7'+,+$+1(@ 7+'+*1&A+1(@ *-)'(0 Ak = Lk Uk , %,+ Ak Lk Uk | /&&)4+)/4+11& %$-41<+7&,*-)'(0< *-)'(0 A L U . $+,&4-)+$:1&, k = det Ak = ndet Lk det Uk . /($.4(,- (I.5.2) )'+.%&$:1<6 *-)'(0 L ( U 7&$.3-+* det Lk = Q ljj , det Uk = 1. 9&j =1;)&*. k = l11 : : : lkk ( 3(/$& 7+'+*+1 >1-2- 4 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/)( 1 1 2 : : : n'-41& 3(/$.
7+'+*+1 >1-2- 4 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/)( 1 l11 l22 : : : lnn .-*& LU -'->$&A+1(+ *-)'(0< A 1+ /)'&()/@, 1-6&,@)/@ $(K: >1-2( lii . 9-*@): 7&, *-)'(0< L ( U 1+ 4<,+$@+)/@, )-2 2-2 /&%$-/1& 5&'*.$-* (I.5.3) ,$@4<3(/$+1(@ &3+'+,1<6 ;$+*+1)&4 lii , li+1i , uii+1 1.A1& >1-): $(K: ;$+*+1)<li 1i 1 , lii 1 , ui 1i .&%$-/1& ,&2->-11&*. 4 x I.5.2 ,$@ 7&/)'&+1(@ LU -'->$&A+1(@ )'+=.+)/@n ; 1 -,,()(41<6 ( 2(n ; 1) *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8. 9&/2&$:2. ,$@ 4<3(/$+1(@ 3(/$- 7+'+*+1 >1-2- )'+=.+)/@ +C+ 1+ =&$++ n /$&A+1(8 (,$@ /.**('&4-1(@ >1-2&4 lii ), )& 1- 4<3(/$+1(+ 5.120(( S (A) )'+=.+)/@ 2n + O(1)-,,()(41<6 ( /)&$:2& A+ *.$:)(7$(2-)(41<6 &7+'-0(8.;;;;x 6.4.2.
'" " 5% : & 5"$&"#*"&' %& 5?#E %!%' %!"9./): )'+=.+)/@ 4<3(/$(): 3(/$& 7+'+*+1 >1-2- 4 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/)(1 1 2 : : : n %$-41<6 *(1&'&4 )'+6,(-%&1-$:1&8 /(**+)'(31&8 *-)'(0< A (4-$%&'()*+ A := A ; I ):0a bBB b11 a12 b2BBb2 a3 . . .BA=B... ... bBBnB@bn 2 anbn211;;;;bn 1an;1CCCCCC :CCCA*++*: 1 = a1 , 2 = a1a2 ; b21 . 9./): ,$@ 1+2&)&'&%& k = 3 : : : n ; 1 k =det Ak , k 1 = det Ak 1 .A+ 4<3(/$+1<. <3(/$(* k+1 = det Ak+1 . ->$&A(*;..; x6. & $97det Ak+1 7& 7&/$+,1+*.
/)&$=0.:0a bBB b11 a12 b2BBb2 a3 . . .Bk+1 = ak+1k ; bk det B... ... bBBkB@bk 2 ak;21;;bk 1bk;01CCCCCC = ak+1k ; b2 k 1:kCCCA;F)- 5&'*.$- 7&>4&$@+) 4<3(/$(): 4/+ k , 1& *&A+) 7'(4&,(): 2 7+'+7&$1+1(L($( 7&)+'+ )&31&/)(. 9&/2&$:2. )'+=.L)/@ 1+ /-*( 3(/$- k , - )&$:2& (6 >1-2(,)& ;)( 5&'*.$< ,&*1&A-L) 1- /7+0(-$:1& 7&,&='-11<+ *1&A()+$( )-2, 3)&=<4/+ 3(/$- k =<$( =< 1+ /$(K2&* 4+$(2( ($( *-$<." *-)'(0 A ( A /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(@ '->$(3-L)/@ 1- *1&A()+$: (7&)&*. 7'( > 0 3(/$- 7+'+*+1 >1-2- 4 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/)( %$-41<6 *(1&'&4/&47-,-L).
&>:*+* = 4 max i=1maxfja jg max:::n i i=1:::nfjbijg1;( =.,+* '-//*-)'(4-): *-)'(0. A := 1A . " ;)&8 *-)'(0< 4/+ ;$+*+1)<7& *&,.$L 1+ 7'+4<K-L) 1=4. /$( &2->-$&/:, 3)& 7'( 1+2&)&'&* i ;$+*+1)jbij < "mash (%,+ "mash | *-K(11-@ )&31&/): ,$@ ,-11&8 F), )& 7&$-%-+*bi = 0. 9'( ;)&* *-)'(0- '-/7-,-+)/@ 1- ,4+ 7&,*-)'(0<, &=S+,(1+1(+ 1-=&'&4 /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8 2&)&'<6 ,-+) 1-=&' /&=/)4+11<6 >1-3+1(8 (/6&,1&8*-)'(0<.
9&;)&*. *< *&A+* /3()-):, 3)& 4/+ jbij > "mash .-7(K+* ,$@ )-2 7'+&='->&4-11&8 *-)'(0< -$%&'()* 4<3(/$+1(@ 3(/$- 7+'+*+1 >1-2- m 4 7&/$+,&4-)+$:1&/)( %$-41<6 *(1&'&4.1) 9&$-%-+* x = a1 , y = 1. /$( sign(xy) < 0, 3(/$& 7+'+*+1 >1-2- m = 1,(1-3+ m = 0.2) $@ 4/+6 k = 2 3 : : : n 4<3(/$@+*:-) a = ak , b = bk 1 T=) = (1="mash)= maxfjxj jb(by)jg T4) u = (ax ; b2 y), v = x T%) +/$( sign(ux) < 0, )& m = m + 1T,) x = u , y = v . ;)(6 5&'*.$-6 4 1-3-$+ k -%& K-%- x '-4+1 k 1 , .*1&A+11&*.
1- 1+2&)&'&+ 7&$&A()+$:1&+ 3(/$& k , y '-4+1 k 2 , .*1&A+11&*. 1- k . 1&A()+$: 7&,=('-+)/@ ,$@ &=+/7+3+1(@ *-2/(*-$:1&8 4<3(/$()+$:1&8 ./)&83(4&/)(.;;;;.. x7. LR "4&98x7. LR LR -$%&'()* 7&>4&$@+) 1-6&,(): 4/+ /&=/)4+11<+ >1-3+1(@ *-)'(0< AMn .2x 7.1.LR -%:"F, 5"#:! & LR "*%% 1. ( LR -'->$&A+1(() 2 A 2 Mn , A A = LR , L 2 LT(n) 1 , R 2 RT(n) .:"#&.
$@ *-)'(0< At 4/+ %$-41<+ .%$&4<+ *(1&'< &)$(31< &)1.$@. 9& )+&'+*+ I.4.1 ,$@ *-)'(0< At &/.C+/)4(*& LU -'->$&A+1(+ At = Lb Ub ,%,+ Lb 2 LT(n), Ub 2 RT(n) / 1 1- %$-41&8 ,(-%&1-$(. $+,&4-)+$:1&, A = Ub t Lb t LR , %,+ L = Ub t 2 LT(n) / 1 1- %$-41&8 ,(-%&1-$(, R = Lb t 2 RT(n). +&'+*,&2->-1-.x 7.1.1. "*% 5%@ LR -%:"F@ $"@ 5%:&"#%6'$%&'()* 7&/)'&+1(@ LR -'->$&A+1(@ *-)'(0< A 2 Mn &3+1: 7&6&A 1-$%&'()* 7&/)'&+1(@ LU -'->$&A+1(@ (/*. /)'. 19).9./): )'+=.+)/@ 1-8)( 1(A1LL )'+.%&$:1.L *-)'(0. L = (lij ) / +,(1(0-*(1- %$-41&8 ,(-%&1-$( ( 4+'61LL )'+.%&$:1.L *-)'(0.
R = (rij ) )-2.L, 3)&A = LR , ).+.nXlij rjk = aik i k = 1 : : : n:(1)j =19&/2&$:2. lij = 0 7'( i < j , ljj = 1, rjk = 0 7'( j > k , )& (1) +/): /(/)+*(> n2 .'-41+1(8 &)1&/()+$:1& n(n ; 1)=2 1+(>4+/)1<6 lij i j ( n(n + 1)=21+(>4+/)1<6 rjk j < k , 4/+%& n(n +1)=2+ n(n ; 1)=2 = n2 1+(>4+/)1<6. 9&$.3(*5&'*.$< ,$@ '+K+1(@ /(/)+*< (1), 2&)&'<+ ( /&/)-4$@L) -$%&'()* 1-6&A,+1(@LR -'->$&A+1(@. /($. lij = 0 7'( i < j , rjk = 0 7'( j > k /.**- 4 (1) (*++) 4(,minXikfgj =1($(2 Pi66 j=1 lij rjk = aik 64 Pkl r =a j =1..lij rjk = aik ij jkiki k = 1 : : : nk ii k = 1 : : : nk < ii k = 1 : : : n: x7.
LR "4&99<,+$(* 4 7+'4&8 (> ;)(6 /.** &),+$:1& /$.3-8 i = 1, - 4& 4)&'&8 - /$.3-8k = 1, ( .3)+*, 3)& lii = 1 ,$@ 4/+6 i = 1 : : : n ,2 2 r =a k = 1 : : : n66 64 iP1k1 1klij rjk + rik = aik k i > 1 i k = 2 : : : n:66;66 2 j=166 6 li1 r11 = ai14 4 kP1 l r + l r = a ij jk ik kkik;j =1i = 2 : : : n1 < k < i i k = 2 : : : n9+'+%'.77('.+* ;)( 5&'*.$<:2 " r =a k = 1 : : : nk66 li11k= ai11=ri = 2 : : : n11 66 2i166 6 rik = aik ; P lij rjk k i > 1 i k = 2 : : : n6;j =164 664k 1lik = (aik ; P lij rjk )=rkk;j =1(2)1 < k < i i k = 2 : : : n:9'&0+// 4<3(/$+1(8 7& ;)(* 5&'*.$-* /)'&()/@ /$+,.LC(* &='->&*: 41-3-$+7& 7+'4&8 (> 5&'*.$ (2) 4<3(/$@L)/@ 1+(>4+/)1<+ ;$+*+1)< 7+'4&8 /)'&2(*-)'(0< R : r1k k = 1 : : : n , >-)+* 7& 4)&'&8 (> 5&'*.$ (2) 4<3(/$@L)/@1+(>4+/)1<+ ;$+*+1)< 7+'4&%& /)&$=0- *-)'(0< L : li1 i = 2 : : : n , (1-7&*1(*,;$+*+1) l11 (>4+/)+1, &1 '-4+1 1).