Гричин С.В., Ульянова О.В. - Английский язык для инженеров сварочного производства (1044906), страница 23
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This echoed the opinion of DavidYapp, team leader, arc welding and automation, Edison Welding Institute,who said there needs to be "a radical change in education at all levels." Headded, however, "This is not likely to happen without strong leadership andcommitment."In fact, respondents touched on a variety of aspects related to training all with an eye toward welding's future. In the opinion of Jackie Morris,quality manager at Bender Shipbuilding & Repair Co., Inc., the level ofcooperation between manufacturers and schools must improve so thatmanufacturers' needs are met.
Genesis' O'Connell said the welding industryneeds to do two things: "Enhance ease of use through technical training andtechnology advancement," and "concentrate on making welding the low cost,best performance choice for material joining." For the question regardingwelding's weaknesses, Anderson stated it's "often not scientifically applied,which leads to overdesigned weldments and process parameters that are notoptimized." Anderson touched on the topic again in answer to the abovequestion, when he said, we must "continue to educate students on the basicsof the process and how to implement it.
(We must) teach the economics ofwelding to designers so they understand the costs of a weld."Respondents also mentioned improved salaries for welders, stayingahead of environmental and health issues and more practical research anddevelopment as ways the welding industry can help itself stay healthy.- Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future of your particularindustry?Overwhelmingly, the respondents to the survey said they wereoptimistic about the future of their industries. In fact, 92 % of respondentsindicated they are at least guardedly optimistic about the future.
Onerespondent summed up his reasons this way: "Metallics will be around for along time and they will need to be joined."121Much the same opinion was held by Lincoln's Sumner. "I amoptimistic," he said. "Even though we are mainly tied to the steel industry,which has seen a slight decline, we have much more to learn about weldingand furthering the process of joining metals. I believe products and servicesthat the welding industry provides will continue to be in demand worldwide."Paul D. Cunningham, president of Weldsale, indicated he wasoptimistic because "gains in technology via software and the Internet willhelp increase productivity in the U.S.A." Winslow of Hypertherm foresees abright future: "If we improve our understanding of our worldwide customers'needs, we have a road map to unrestricted growth."However, some respondents, such as Thomas A.
Ferri, a weldingprocess specialist with Airgas, expressed optimism while adding a word ofcaution. Ferri said he was "optimistic so long as we know our industry needssome changes." Morris of Bender said he was "optimistic in that shipbuildingand repair is a sound profession with an increasing market; pessimistic in thatenvironmental restraints are greatly increasing operating costs and decreasingprofit margins.
There is a need for better dialog between industry and theprivate sector."- During the 1990s, the trend has been for company buyouts andmergers. Do you see that trend continuing and is it healthy for yourindustry?Not all of the respondents answered both parts of the above question.From the answers received, three times as many respondents believed thetrend for company buyouts and mergers will continue.
Several stated,however, that the pace will slow from that of the early 1990s. Besidesslowing down, "a certain degree of counteraction, i.e., divestitures, may alsobegin to take place," according to Plotica. "For the most part, the buyouts andmergers have been healthy by providing resources and growth opportunitiesto small- to medium-sized companies that would have not been possibleotherwise." With regard to it being a positive trend, most respondents agreedwith Plotica.
In fact, three times as many respondents stated it is a healthytrend as opposed to those who believe it is not good for industry. "Everybuyout and merger has victims and winners," one respondent said. "It alsocreates opportunities. Ultimately the industry does become more efficient,which is healthy."It appeared, however, that respondents who work for weldingequipment and consumables manufacturers rather than end users were morelikely to consider it a negative trend. "The welding industry is getting smallerevery year," one respondent wrote.
Another said, "Who's left to buy withoutcreating an antitrust monopoly issue?"122Langdon of Vermeer presented a case for both sides. On the positiveside, Langdon said, "Larger companies have more resources for research anddevelopment. Also, mergers present a larger buying power and, in somecases, allegiances to manufacturers. Some of the buyouts that we are seeing,especially in the equipment rental industry, could be a real boon to ourcompany." On the negative side, "less competition," he said.While stating that "company buyouts and mergers can have verypositive benefits for the industry and the consumer," Emmerson also put in aword of caution.
"To use an overworked phrase," he said, "if there are no'synergies' between a group of companies beyond the fact that they areassociated with the welding industry, the risk is that the performance ofsmall, newly acquired companies will suffer as their original owners bail outand no strong management fills the void."Sumner voiced the opinion of several respondents when he said, "Ibelieve that these consolidations have fostered an environment that is healthyfor the industry with more focused competition between largermanufacturers. This competition is good for all of us to help move theindustry forward and provide customer solutions."ConclusionSince time machines still exist only in the stories of H.
G. Wells andother works of science fiction, no one can tell us exactly how welding willfare in the 21st century. However, the people who responded to the WeldingJournal survey represent a cross section of fabricators of welded products andproducers of welding equipment and related products. Together they offer awide range of experience and knowledge.
Answering the questionsseparately, in their respective cities, they still formed a consensus. They agreethe future looks promising for welding. It remains and will continue to be aproductive, cost-effective manufacturing method. However, steps must betaken to bring more skilled personnel into the industry, or changes must bemade to accommodate for the lack of skilled personnel (e.g., weldingautomation).
They also indicated the welding industry must embrace all ofthe modern-day technological tools to keep pace with the rest of the world.13Continue the list of optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for weldingtechnology development in the future.“projections for the future aregenerally optimistic…”1. Welding is here to stay and will beused more in the future.2. The consumer welding market will“but a few gray clouds roam thehorizon”1.
Designs will be more efficient tominimize the amount of welding.2. There will be a decline in the use123continue to provide opportunities for of gas metal arc (GMAW) and gastungsten arc welding (GTAW).growth.3. …3. …Speaking14Comment on the predictions. Say if you agree or disagree with each ofthem and why.
The phrases below will help you.MeaningAgreeingDisagreeingSaying youpartly agreedFormalThis is absolutely right.This is true.I agree with you.I suppose you may be right.I’m afraid I can’t agree with you.This is not quite right.I’m not sure you are right about …are I partly agree, but …I suppose so, but …I agree up to a point124APPENDIX 1. WELDING THEORY & APPLICATION DEFINITIONSACETONEA flammable, volatile liquid used in acetylene cylinders to dissolveand stabilize acetylene under high pressure.ACETYLENEA highly combustible gas composed of carbon and hydrogen. Used asa fuel gas in the oxyacetylene welding process.ACTUAL THROATSee THROAT OF FILLET WELD.AIR-ACETYLENEA low temperature flare produced by burning acetylene with air insteadof oxygen.AIR-ARC CUTTINGAn arc cutting process in which metals to be cut are melted by the heatof the carbon arc.ALLOYA mixture with metallic properties composed of two or more elements,of which at least one is a metal.ALTERNATING CURRENTAn electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurringintervals.AMMETERAn instrument for measuring electrical current in amperes by anindicator activated by the movement of a coil in a magnetic field or bythe longitudinal expansion of a wire carrying the current.ANNEALINGA comprehensive term used to describe the heating and cooling cycleof steel in the solid state.
The term annealing usually implies relativelyslow cooling. In annealing, the temperature of the operation, the rate ofheating and cooling, and the time the metal is held at heat depend uponthe composition, shape, and size of the steel product being treated, andthe purpose of the treatment. The more important purposes for whichsteel is annealed are as follows to remove stresses; to induce softness;to alter ductility, toughness, electric, magnetic, or other physical andmechanical properties; to change the crystalline structure; to removegases; and to produce a definite microstructure.ARC BLOWThe deflection of an electric arc from its normal path because ofmagnetic forces.125ARC BRAZINGA brazing process wherein the heat is obtained from an electric arcformed between the base metal and an electrode, or between twoelectrodes.ARC CUTTINGA group of cutting processes in which the cutting of metals isaccomplished by melting with the heat of an arc between the electrodeand the base metal.
See CARBON-ARC CUTTING, METAL-ARCCUTTING, ARC-OXYGEN CUTTING, AND AIR-ARC CUTTING.ARC LENGTHThe distance between the tip of the electrode and the weld puddle.ARC-OXYGEN CUTTINGAn oxygen-cutting process used to sever metals by a chemical reactionof oxygen with a base metal at elevated temperatures.ARC VOLTAGEThe voltage across the welding arc.ARC WELDINGA group of welding processes in which fusion is obtained by heatingwith an electric arc or arcs, with or without the use of filler metal.AS WELDEDThe condition of weld metal, welded joints, and weldments afterwelding and prior to any subsequent thermal, mechanical, or chemicaltreatments.ATOMIC HYDROGEN WELDINGAn arc welding process in which fusion is obtained by heating with anarc maintained between two metal electrodes in an atmosphere ofhydrogen.
Pressure and/or filler metal may or may not be used.AUSTENITEThe non-magnetic form of iron characterized by a face-centered cubiclattice crystal structure. It is produced by heating steel above the uppercritical temperature and has a high solid solubility for carbon andalloying elements.AXIS OF A WELDA line through the length of a weld, perpendicular to a cross section atits center of gravity.BACK FIREThe momentary burning back of a flame into the tip, followed by asnap or pop, then immediate reappearance or burning out of the flame.BACK PASSA pass made to deposit a back weld.126BACK UPIn flash and upset welding, a locator used to transmit all or a portion ofthe upsetting force to the workpieces.BACK WELDA weld deposited at the back of a single groove weld.BACKHAND WELDINGA welding technique in which the flame is directed towards thecompleted weld.BACKING STRIPA piece of material used to retain molten metal at the root of the weldand/or increase the thermal capacity of the joint so as to preventexcessive warping of the base metal.BACKING WELDA weld bead applied to the root of a single groove joint to assurecomplete root penetration.BACKSTEPA sequence in which weld bead increments are deposited in a directionopposite to the direction of progress.BARE ELECTRODEAn arc welding electrode that has no coating other than that incidentalto the drawing of the wire.BARE METAL-ARC WELDINGAn arc welding process in which fusion is obtained by heating with anunshielded arc between a bare or lightly coated electrode and the work.Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode.BASE METALThe metal to be welded or cut.
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