Гричин С.В., Ульянова О.В. - Английский язык для инженеров сварочного производства (1044906), страница 16
Текст из файла (страница 16)
The diagram may also contain auseful warning on the zones of weld metal compositions (nickel andchromium equivalents) in which cracking is likely to occur.Vocabulary89simulationword processingsoftwarestorageCD ROMconsumablefatiguerodreel of wireparent metalscomplementarytraceabilityNDTdistortiontolerancebutt jointfillet jointsupervisorwelding fumeextractionequipmentregulationsto gain accessмоделирование, имитация, воспроизведениеэлектронная обработка текстапрограммное или математическое обеспечение,программные средствахранениеCompact Disk Read-Only Memory – компакт-дискрасходные материалыусталость (материала)электродмоток проволокиосновной металлдополнительный, добавочныйотслеживаемостьnondestructive test испытание без разрушения образцовдеформация, короблениетех. допуск, допустимое отклонениестыковое соединение, соединение встыкшпоночное соединениеинспекторсварочный дым, сварочные аэрозоливытяжное (вентиляционное) оборудованиеправила, устав, нормы; инструкцияполучать доступWriting16Imagine you are given a task by the head of a big welding company tomake a research and decide whether it’s worth while introducing computersinto the production process.
Write a report to your boss mentioning thefollowing points.Ø What kind of software is available for welding engineers?Ø How can welders get access to welding related information?Ø How can computers improve the work of welders?Ø What welding procedures can be best computerized?Reading 49017Read the first part of the article Moving Weld Management from theDesk to the Desktop and say if the following is true or false.1. There are a lot of computer programs for welding engineers.2. It is more important to have a deep understanding of software developmentthan the technology being computerized.3. Most existing software systems in the fabrication industry are tools forlarge companies.4.
The first database management systems could not create new proceduresfor new application.Moving Weld Management from the Desk to the DesktopPart 1. Computers as Welding Expert SystemsWelding engineers have managed welding procedures and welderperformance qualifications using computers for some years now. Engineersnow readily access vital information - no more searching through piles ofpaper. They can easily develop procedures and qualifications through onscreen editing, get advance warning of expirations and produce aprofessional-looking document in the end. Most fabricators now have local orwide area networks so sharing information between key personnel is easierthan ever before.
Computers can integrate management of procedures andqualifications with production weld information and quality control (QC)data, and so the benefits abound.Computers have always been good at storing, sorting and searchingthrough large amounts of data, making them suitable for pure databaseapplications. Such applications have required the user to know certainparameters, with little or no help from the software. In welding, such systemshave been used for managing welding procedures and welder performancequalification. But, to date, most have had limited, if any, expertise inwelding.The problem with building expertise into software it is necessary tohave a deep understanding of both software development and the technologybeing computerized.
In the welding industry, this includes metallurgy,engineering, production, quality control and standards. Standards areparticularly important, as many aspects of fabrication are specified vianational and international standards, such as ASME IX, AWS D1.1, EN287/288 AND ISO 9000.91Software houses with no depth of welding expertise or engineers withno depth of software development skills both find it difficult to developexpert welding systems.
It may be possible for individual engineers todevelop software, but long-term support is difficult at best, and in most casesimpossible. For storage of large amounts of information, where considerabletime is invested in entering the data, long-term support is critical.In addition, most existing software systems in the fabrication industryare tools for individuals, not for large parts of organizations, because, untilrecently, most organizations have simply not had the infrastructure to allowinformation to be distributed electronically. E-mail has helped change this.Electronic mail has driven most fabricators to use local and wide areanetworks. These networks make it possible to share welding procedures orwelder approvals across a company via a multi-user software system.The management of welding procedures is one of the most timeconsuming jobs of a welding engineer.
Creating, verifying and approvingnew procedures and checking, adapting and approving existing ones take aling time. Plus, searching for existing procedures for new production weldsrequires expert skills. Consequently, this was one of the first weldingengineering tasks to be computerized.The first welding procedure database management systems weresimply electronic filing cabinets.
They used the speed of data sorting thatcomputers could offer to make searching for existing procedures muchquicker. Documents could be copied and edited to create new documentsquickly and easily. What they could not easily do, however, was help thewelding engineer create new procedures for new application.The sources of such information are wide and disparate. They comprisestandards (welding and application), consumable and base materialhandbooks, technical literature; most difficult of all to computerize isexperience.
To build all this into a computer program would be impossiblewithout a wide knowledge of the sources available.18Read the second part of the article and answer the questions.1. What can Weldspec 4 do?2. What are the main sources from which Weldspec 4 originated?3. How can Weldspec 4 be updated?4. How is data entered into the system?5. In what ways can the system produce reports?6.
What time-consuming tasks can Weldspec 4 perform with a click of abutton?7. What is the difference of a usual welding software from an expert system?8. What, in your opinion, computers will never be able to do in welding?92Part 2. Weldspec 4Taking all this into account, The Welding Institute (TWI), Cambridge,U.K., and C-spec, Pleasant Hill, California, have collaborated to develop anew version of Weldspec. Weldspec 4 has been designed to help the weldingengineer write and draft new welding procedures while still giving thebenefits of speed and editing of existing procedures in Microsoft Windows®.The software comes from many backgrounds, including the following:- Worldwide welding and application standards from such organizations asASME, AWS, European standards and API;- Industry practice in developing, qualifying and using welding procedures;- Typical interactions between customer, fabricator and inspector;- Welding engineering and metallurgy;- Software development and knowledge representation techniques.Software so vitally based on knowledge and recommendations fromstandards needs to be frequently updated; indeed, ASME IX is updatedannually.
Because anything hard coded within software is difficult to change,Weldspec's knowledge base is stored externally to the main program so it canbe modified.Managing welder performance qualifications (WPQs) is very similar towelding procedures: Both are designed by standards.
Variables that must berecorded, the extent of approval given by a test and the destructive andnondestructive examination (NDE) regimes are specified in national andinternational standards.However, unlike welding procedures, WPQs are only valid for aspecified time without practice or additional testing. Certificates expire, sothe fast sorting capability of computers is even more beneficial. Byintegrating another program called Welderqual 4 with Weldspec 4 to share adatabase of welder details, WPQs can be created directly from weldingprocedures.An integrated software system such as Welding Co-ordinator can help.Welding Co-ordinator is designed to be used live to manage fabrication as itis progressing. It is usually based around an electronic weld map, weld datasheet or weld schedule, into which data are entered as welds are designed,engineered, welded and tested.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
