Гричин С.В., Ульянова О.В. - Английский язык для инженеров сварочного производства (1044906), страница 15
Текст из файла (страница 15)
Записанные параметры представляют собой ценную информацию опроцессе сварки.9 Данные поступают в центральную вычислительную систему длядальнейшей обработки.10. Автоматизированная сварочная система обеспечивает успешноеосуществление сварочного процесса.Reading 315Make an abstract of the article IT in Welding and Cutting for theWelding Engineer –PC Programs and the Internet.IT in Welding and Cutting for the Welding Engineer –PC Programs and the InternetThe PC has now become an essential tool in the work of the engineer fornot only word processing but also specialized tasks such as in design, simulationand performance assessment.
Within the manufacturing industry sector, mostengineers have access to a PC and the vast majority can be classed as frequentusers. It is not surprising, therefore, that in response to the growing marketdemand, a wide range of computer programs have been writtenspecifically for the welding engineer. Whilst PC programs can beconsidered to be a mature source of welding engineering IT, over the lastyear the Internet has emerged as a new exciting source of welding relatedinformation.85As the Internet is already widely used by many welding engineers as asource of IT, guidelines are provided on how the vast amount of informationon welding engineering related topics can be accessed.Welding engineering software for the PCThe first IT packages written for the welding engineer were forcarrying out simple calculations such as the preheat temperature level toavoid hydrogen cracking.
However, as the PC became more powerful (fastercomputing speeds and additional memory), their use was extended to massstorage of information in databases such as for welding procedures andwelder qualification. More recently, software has incorporated novelprogramming techniques, expert systems for knowledge based advisory typesoftware and multimedia systems for advisory and education and trainingsoftware.
The main advantage of expert systems is that they are capable ofencapsulating expert knowledge, which may be largely subjective. Thus,operation of an expert system differs from that of a conventional softwarewhich progresses in a predetermined, step by step manner until a result isobtained e.g. the preheat temperature or the output of a database.Interrogation of a problem solving expert system will produce an output,which is usually advice or an opinion as to the likely cause of the problemand the recommendations to avoid the problem in the future.A noteworthy advance in computer hardware in recent years has beenthe inclusion of a CD ROM player in the PC to provide a multimediacapability.
Multimedia combines scanned photographs, graphics, animation,audio and video action with very fast processing and large databases toprovide very visual / interactive software.The CD ROM disk is crucial in that with a capacity of 700MB can storeover 250,000 pages of text, or up to 30 mins of video, equivalent to 450 highdensity 3.5 in floppy disks.Commercially available software for the welding engineerThere is now a wide range of powerful software available to thewelding engineer which makes best use of the computing, memory,knowledge based and/or multimedia facilities of the PC. The IT programsproduced as aids for the welding engineer can be conveniently grouped intothe following categories:· Repetitive calculations;· Storage of Information;· Interpretation of Standards;· Advisory;· Simulation;86· Education and Training.Many companies have written software for in-house use but theexamples described here have been restricted to commercially availablesoftware.Repetitive CalculationsThis group was the first type of software written specifically to helpthe welding engineer carry out routine or time consuming calculations.Topics include the calculation of weld volume, consumable requirements,cost of fabrication and design calculations for fatigue service.
WELDVOL istypical in that it will allow the user to calculate the volume of weld metal tobe deposited and from this information, the number of rods, or reels ofwire, to be purchased. The program can accommodate a range of arcprocesses, joint types and parent metals.Storage of InformationXWELD is a welding procedure management system. The system is amulti-user relational database and has the following advantages over a paperbased document control system:· Integrated drawing system and graphics library;· Electronic distribution of procedures;· Search functionality for all essential variables of the procedure;QMWELD is a complementary program for management offabrication information for ensuring that a fabrication is completed on timeand to an appropriate standard.
The system gives full traceability with NDTrecords.Interpretation of StandardsFATIGUEWISE is based on BSI 7910 (formally PD 6493),"Guidance on Methods for Assessing the Acceptability of Flaws in FusionWelded Structures". The software allows analysis of structures, for safetycritical applications, using either the fracture procedures or the generalfatigue procedures.FATIGUEWISE is a typical software for interpreting a standardwhich is a complex text procedure. A set of rules derived from the standardare embedded in the software ensuring that each time an assessment ismade the standard is applied equally rigorously.
As most assessmentsrequire numerous calculations, the software will save the user both time andcosts especially when carrying out a sensitivity or critical analysis by varyingone of the input parameters.The use of a friendly graphical interface ensures that the user is onlyasked for information specific to the current assessment.87AdvisorySTAYING IN SHAPE is an expert/multimedia system that providespractical advice and training on how to overcome the problem ofdistortion caused by welding and cutting operations. The information isbased on expert knowledge and practical experience. Multimedia (video,animations, audio, scanned photographs and graphics) is used to facilitatethe transfer of knowledge and learning.The knowledge contained in the system includes:· the different types of distortion and when they occur;· the factors in welding affecting distortion;· practical steps to reduce distortion;· precautions for specific welding and cutting situations;· actions to correct distortion after welding.The system also includes a series of quiz type questions that will testthe user's understanding of distortion.SimulationMAGSIM simulates the GMA welding process calculating the weldshape and the thermal cycle at various points along the weld (7).
Graphics isused to display the cross section of the weld and a 3-D view is used tovisualize the simulation results; the calculated thermal cycle and shape ofthe weld pool. The program can be used to predict the weld quality forselected welding parameters with tolerances. For butt and fillet joints inСMn and alloy steels, welding parameters can be optimized for a specifictask.Education and TrainingWELDING FUME TUTOR is a CD ROM based multimedia trainingcourse aimed at educating welders, supervisors and welding engineers onthe risks to health that could arise from inhalation of welding fume.
Theprogram can also be used for training welders in fume control techniquesand use of extraction equipment. The information contained is based onstatutory regulations, expert knowledge and practical experience. Theprogram is interactive and combines video clips, animated sequences, audio,scanned photographs and graphics.Welding engineering IT on the WWW88The main use of the Internet by engineers is to search for technicalinformation, exchange technical data and to purchase products.
Most of thesites have hypertext links to many more sites that contain relatedinformation on, for example, engineering, materials, manufacturing and nondestructive testing. TWI is typical of the organizations offering technicalinformation. The information available includes technical data sheets, "bestpractice" guides, directory of suppliers, standards information, abstracts ofresearch projects.The TWI Web site is accessed by over 6000 users each month andapproximately half of the users are from the USA. The most requestedpages relate to the technical information.As advertising is freely practiced on the WWW, most commercialcompanies have Web pages devoted to the advertising and marketing oftheir products.
The companies can make text, pictures, sounds and videoavailable on their Web pages using the hypertext mark-up language. TheESAB WWW site (http://www.esab.se) contains the following PC programsavailable from Business Area Consumables:WELDCOSTselectionofweldingprocessfromeconomic/productivity calculations;WELDOC - storage and retrieval of welding procedurespecifications;PREHEAT -calculation of preheat temperature;EQUIST -steel grades and their equivalents;STAR - stainless steel consumables;CONQUEST - range of steel grades and their recommendedconsumables;THE SCHAEFFLER-DELONG—WRC'92 analysis program isparticularly useful to welding engineers and metallurgists in that it can beused to select a suitable consumable when welding dissimilar metals, predictthe microstructure of the resulting weld, warn about possible metallurgicalrisks on welding, build a database of commonly used metals and theirconsumables.A typical screen display may show the composition of the resultingweld metal produced when welding 15 Mo 3 steel to AISI316L stainlesssteel using the type OK 67.60 consumable.
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
