Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (Теоретическая фонетика английского языка М.А. Соколова, И.С.Тихонова, Р.М.Тихонова, Е.Л.Фрейдина. - Дубна; Феникс+, 2010. - 192 с.), страница 43

So most American speakers make a clear distinctionand "w" words: where - ware, which - witch.tween a consonant (especialJnews [nu:z], Tuesday['stu:pId], duringweakened or omitted altogether in GAone) and [ttl as in the words:suit rsu:t 1. tube ftu:b 1. stupidGA[ee] Besides word distribution of [::>:] , [u] in RP and GAis completely differ­ent. GA [::>] is intermediate in quality between the RP [::>:] and [u]. In itsproduction the lips are considerably less rounded.8. Now to the qualities of GA diphthongs.a) the diphthong fer] is closer in GA as opposed to RP; b) the nucleus of [3U] tends to be more advanced in GA; c) since GA is a rhotic accent with non-prevocalic [r], it has the conse­ quence that the following RP vowels (derived historically from vowel+[r]) do not occur in GA: [ra] in dear - GA [drr], lea] in dare - GA[derr], [ua] in tour - GA [tur].Non-systematic Differences between General American and Received Pro­nunciation1.

Many differences involve the pronunciation of individual words orgroups of words. Here are some of these:AsiacordialeitherleisureleverscheduleshonetomatovaseRPGA['erIal['kJ:dral]['a loa]['le 3a]['li:va][,Jedju:l][fun][ta'ma:tau][va:z]['eI 3 a] [brjal] [,i:oar] ['li:3 ar1 [,Ievar] [,skedjal] [faun] [ta'meltau] [veIz] 186Chapter VI. Social and Territorial Varieties of English2. Words apparatus, data, status can be pronounced with either [::e] orin GA, but only with [el] in RP.3. Words like hostile, missile, reptile have final [ail] in RP.GA they1876.4.

American-based Pronunciation Standards of EnglishI don't want to go to the theatre.RP'-""GA-"\,-may have [el].Stress DifferencesIts emphatic variant in Mid-wavy-Ievel Head: 1. In words of French origin GA tends to have stress on the fmal sylla­GAble, while RP has it on the initial one:RPballetberet [,b::elel]GA [b::e'lel] ..2. The usual Medium or Low Fall in RP has its rising-falling counter­partin GA:Come and see me tomorrow.2.

Some words have first-syllable stress in GA whereas in RP the stressmay be elsewhere.addresscigarettemagazineresearchadultinquiry.~~.~RP[e'dres][sIge'ret][m::ege'zi:n][n's3:tf][e'dAlt][IlJ'kwalan]GA ['::edres] [,slgeret] ['m::egazm] ['nsatf] ['::edAIt] ['llJkwalen] 3. Some compound words have stress on the first element in GA and inRP they retain it on the second element: weekend, ice-cream, hot dog, NewYear.4. Polysyllabic words ending in -ory, -ary, -many have secondary stressin GA, often called "tertiary": laboratory ['I::ebr<l,bn], dictionary ['dlkJ<l,nen],secretary ['sekr<l,ten], testimony [,testi,moum].RP\.GA-'",3.

The rising terminal tone in RP in GA has a mid-rising contour:Do you like it?GARPOr it may have a level tone in GA:4. The Fall-Rise nuclear tone is different in RP and GA:Really?RP~GA,../Intonation DifferencesGA intonation on the whole is similar to that of RP. But there are, ofcourse, some differences that shOUld be mentioned here.I. In sentences where the most common pre-nuclear contour in RP is agradually descending sequence, the counterpart GA contour is a mediumLevel Head:These comparisons show that the main differences in intonation con­cern the direction of the voice pitch and the realization of the terminaltones.

In GA the voice doesn't fall to the bottom mostly. This explains thefact that the English speech for Americans sounds "affected" and "preten­tious" or "sophisticated". And for the English, Americans sound "dull","monotonous", "indifferent"..~~~--------======:-:--~---~-.~~-.- ~188Chapter Vl.

Social and Territorial varieties of EnglishIt should also be mentioned that the distribution of terminal tones insentences types is also different in both variants of English.1. GA "Yes, No" questions commonly have a falling terminal tone, thecounterpart RP tone would be a rising one:Shall we stay here?RP../GA-. ---­2. Requests in RP are usually pronounced with a Rise, whereas in GAthey may take a Fall-Rise:Open the door.RPGAJ\.. .-/3. Leave-takings are often pronounced with a high-pitched Fall-Rise inGA:Goodnight.\.-/In conclusion we would like to say that American phoneticians use apitch contour system to mark intonation in the text:It's a very cold day.~Will you come?Will you come?IIt is certain that we have not covered here all the cases of different into­nation structures used in RP and GA.

Recently there have appeared in thiscountry several papers and books on the subject, so for further informationsee those books.SummaryVariations in pronunciation can be accounted for with reference both togeographical and social factors. In contemporary dialectology phonetic di­versity is explained on the basis of the analysis of regional variants alongsidewith such indicators as age, gender, education, occupation.Summary189To describe territorial varieties we refer to the national variants and na­tional pronunciation standards (RP in Great Britain, GA in the USA). Na­tional pronunciation standards are not fIxed, they undergo changes underthe influence of various internal and external factors.National variants faU into territorial or regional dialects. Dialects aredistinguished from each other by differences in pronunciation, grammarand vocabulary.

When we refer to varieties in pronunciation, we use theword "accent".RP as the pronunciation standard ofGreat Britain is not homogeneous.Three types ofRP are distinguished: conservative (the language ofthe royalfamily and aristocracy), general (spoken by educated people) and advanced(used by the younger generation). Advanced RP is believed to reflect thenew tendencies in pronunciation. There is another classification: generalRP, refIned RP (upper-class accent) and regional RP (representing regionalstandards). One of regional types of RP is Estuary English which is verypopular with the younger speakers.Regional accents of Great Britain can be grouped into Southern Eng­lish accents, Northern and Midland accents, Welsh English, Scottish Eng­lish, Northern Ireland English.General American is viewed as the pronunciation standard ofthe USA.The comparison ofRP and GA shows considerable differences in vowel andconsonant systems, placement of stress and intonation.REFERENCESAHmunoea A.

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