ГДЗ-Химия-9-класс-Габриелян-2002 (9 класс - Габриелян), страница 4

m(F2)=ν(F2)⋅M(F2)=m(Cl2)=ν(Cl 2)⋅M(Cl 2) =V(F2 )e⋅M(F2)=⋅ ]fhev ]efhevVνV(Cl 2 )e⋅M(Cl 2) =⋅]fhevefhevVν]2. D\ha^(F2) = 0 U ) = ≈1,31;0 U \ha^' + (F2) = 0 U ) == 19;0 U + D\ha^(Cl2) = 0 U &O = ≈2,45;0 U \ha^0&OU' + (Cl2) === 35,5.0 U + <hijhkNlhjgZy\h^Zg_kms_kl\m_lldnlhjj_Z]bjm_lk \h^hc2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O.<hijhkS_ehqgu_ f_lZeeu ij_`^_ \k_]h [m^ml j_Z]bjh\Zlv k \h^hc k\u^_e_gb_f\h^hjh^ZZ g_k jZkl\hj_gghc khevx>eykjZ\g_gby\havf_fj_Zdpbb$Ok jZkl\hjhf)H&O3 b oehjghc\h^uk jZkl\hjhf1D%U+$O )H&O ⇒ )H↓$O&OCl2+2NaBr ⇒ 2NaCl+Br2.2B \lhfb \^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lH<J;he__Zdlb\gucwe_f_gl\ul_kgy_lf_g__Zdlb\gucbajZkl\hjZkheb<hijhk. KO 2 − + KO 2±+ KO 2 −&O2&O2&O232<hijhkH2 + I]Za ∅ 2HI + Q.Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_fh`ghkf_klblv\ijZ\h_kebkbkl_fZ[m^_lhoeZ`^ZlvkyihijbgpbimE_RZl_ev_<hijhkJZkkfhljbf\aZbfh^_ckl\b_]Zeh]_gh\k \h^hjh^hfNlhjj_Z]bjm_lk G2 \ ex[uomkeh\byokh\aju\hfoehj ²kh\aju\hflhevdhijbih^`b]Zgbbbebh[emq_gbbijyfufkheg_qgufk\_lhf[jhf\aZbfh^_ckl\m_lk G2 ijbgZ]j_\Zgbbb [_a\aju\ZWlbj_Zdpbbwdahl_jfbq_kdb_J_Zdpby`_kh_^bg_gbybh^Zb G2 keZ[hwg^hl_jfbq_kdZyhgZijhl_dZ_lf_^e_ggh^Z`_ijbgZ]j_\Zgbb<u\h^ q_f Zdlb\g_c j_Z]bjmxsb_ \_s_kl\Z l_f \ur_ kdhjhklvijhl_dZgbyj_Zdpbb<hijhk>ZghPjjZ., ]ω\ jj_(KI) = 0,15;GZclb: V(Cl2), m(KCl);J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmkmohckheb.,P., PjjZ.,⋅ω., ] ⋅ ]AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbb gZc^_ffZkkmkhebb h[t_fg_h[oh^bfh]hoehjZP ]., fhev0 ]fhevP ]oe fhev9 efhev9 e] ²o e] ²eo &Om].&O fhev0 ]fhevP ], ⋅ = 3.V(Cl2) e] ²m ]] ²]y ]m(KCl) = 20,2 ].&OP.&O]fhev0.&O ]fhevHl\_l: V(Cl2 eP.&O ].<hijhk>Zgh: V(H2 e9&O2 eGZclb: V(HCl)J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb33+&O fhev fhev9 efhev 9 efhev9 e9 e+&O fhev9 efhev9 eGZc^_fdZdhc]Za\ayl\ ba[uld_V(Cl 2 )9+ 200νG2) ==, VKO2) == .9νVν22,43IhmjZ\g_gbxj_ZdpbbVG2):VKO2 ke_^h\Zl_evgh\h^hjh^\ ba[uld_ > ).IhmjZ\g_gbxj_Zdpbb9G&O ⋅9KO2 eLh]^ZhklZehkvg_ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\r_]h\h^hjh^Z9hkl e± e eHl\_l9+&O e9hklG2 e<hijhkWlh gZa\Zgb_ nlhj ihemqbe [eZ]h^Zjy kihkh[ghklb ieZ\bdh\h]hriZlZihgb`Zlvl_fi_jZlmjmieZ\e_gbynlhjb^h\§ 18Kh_^bg_gby]Zeh]_gh\<hijhkWe_dljheblbq_kdZy^bkkhpbZpbym\_ebqb\Z_lkyhlH)d HI.KZfZykbevgZyba]Zeh]_gh\h^hjh^guodbkehl ²bh^h\h^hjh^gZyZkZfZykeZ[Zy ²nlhjh\h^hjh^gZy;hevrZyijhqghklvobfbq_kdhck\yab+)nlhjh\h^hjh^gZydbkehlZkeZ[h^bkkhpbbjm_l\ \h^_h[mkeh\e_gZfZeufjZaf_jhfZlhfZ)b khhl\_lkl\mxsbffZeufjZkklhygb_ff_`^my^jZfbZlhfh\\h^hjh^Zb nlhjZK jhklhfjZ^bmkZZlhfZhl)d I jZkl_lb f_`ty^_jgh_jZkklhygb_ijhqghklvfhe_dmemf_gvrZ_lkyb khhl\_lkl\mxsZykihkh[ghklvdwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbm\_ebqb\Z_lky<hijhk<havf_f\ dZq_kl\_j_Zdlb\ZjZkl\hjgbljZlZk_j_[jZ1.

AgNO3 + NaF∅AgF + NaNO3 ²gbdZdbobaf_g_gbc2. AgNO3 + NaCl=AgCl↓ + NaNO3 ²\uiZ^Z_l[_euchkZ^hd3. AgNO3+NaBr=AgBr↓+NaNO3 ²\uiZ^Z_l[e_^gh`_eluchkZ^hd4. AgNO3 + NaI=AgI↓ + NaNO3 — \uiZ^Z_l`_eluchkZ^hd<hijhkK ihfhsvx^Zgghcj_Zdpbbfh`ghihemqblv[_a\h^gucMgCl2Mg + Cl2 = MgCl2.2. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 2H2O;3. MgO + 2HCl = H2O + MgCl2;344. MgSO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + MaCl2.<hijhk&O → +&O → &X&O → =Q&O → $J&O1. Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl; &O + H → &O − ; + − H → + ;2. 2HCl + Cu(OH)2 = CuCl2 + 2H2O; 2H+ + Cu(OH)2 → Cu2+ + 2H2O;3. CuCl2 + Zn = Cu↓ + ZnCl2; Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+;4. ZnCl2 + 2AgNO3 = 2AgCl↓ + Zn(NO3)2; Ag+ + Cl– → AgCl↓.§ 19Ihemq_gb_]Zeh]_gh\;bheh]bq_kdh_agZq_gb_b ijbf_g_gb_]Zeh]_gh\b bokh_^bg_gbc<hijhk>Zgh: m(NaCl + ij ]ωij %;GZclb: V(Cl2); m(Na)J_r_gb_: GZc^_ffZkkmqbklhckhebM(NaCl)=m(NaCl+ij±m(NaCl+ij⋅ωij ]± ]⋅0,02 ]AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbcP ]1D&O fhev0 ]fhevP ]=ao1D fhev0 ]fhevP ]+m&O fhev9 efhev9 eGZc^_ffZkkmgZljbyb h[t_foehjZ] ²o ]] ²] ⋅ o ]m(Na) ]] ²m e] ²e ⋅ m eV(Cl2) = 109,76 eHl\_l: m(Na) = 225,4 ]V(Cl2) = 109,76 e<hijhk>Zgh: m(Na ]ω\ jj_(NaOH) = 40 %;GZclb: m(NaOH)J_r_gb_: AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbihemq_gbyNaOH:P ]1D fhev0 ]fhevP ]+ +2o]1D2+ + G ↑ fhev0 ]fhevP ]GZc^_ffZkkmNaOHihemqb\r_]hky\ oh^_j_Zdpbb35] ²]] ²o ] ⋅ o ]m(NaOH) = 392 ]GZc^_ffZkkm ]hjZkl\hjZ]b^jhdkb^ZgZljbym( NaOH)m(jjZNaOH) === 980 ]ω\j− j_ ( NaOH) Hl\_l: m(jjZ1D2+ ].<hijhk>Zgh: V(Cl2) = 100 eW = 95 %;GZclb: m(MnO2); ν(HCl)J_r_gb_GZc^_fkdhevdhoehjZ^he`ghihemqZlvkyl_hj_lbq_kdbqlh[uijZdlbq_kdbihemqbehkvebljh\Vl_hj(Cl2) = V(Cl 2 ) = e = 105,26 eWAZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbo]MnO 2 + 4HCl = MnCl 2 +ν = 4 fhev fhevM = 87 ]fhevm = 87 ]ν(HCl) = 4⋅ν(Cl2) = 4⋅Cl2+ G22 fhev9 efhevV = 22,4 e9&O l_hj9ν105,26 e↑= 4⋅ = 18,8 fhev GZc^_ffZkkmMnO2:] ²eo ] ²eo ]Hl\_l: V(HCl) fhevm(MnO2) = 408]<hijhkIj_^hklZ\ey_f \Zf\hafh`ghklvkZfbfih^mfZlvgZ^wlbf\hijhkhf<hijhkF ²ihfh]Z_lij_^hl\jZsZlvlZdh_aZ[he_\Zgb_dZddZjb_kam[h\Cl ²klbfmebjm_lh[f_g\_s_kl\jhkl\hehkijb^Z_l[h^jhklvbkbemBr ²j_]mebjm_lijhp_kku\ha[m`^_gby blhjfh`_gbyp_gljZevghcg_j\ghckbkl_fuijbf_gy_lky^eye_q_gbyg_j\guo[he_ag_cI ²\eby_lgZ\ujZ[hldm]hjfhgZsblh\b^ghc`_e_au_]hg_^hklZlhdijb\h^bld lZdhfmaZ[he_\ZgbxdZdwg^_fbq_kdbcah[< lh`_\j_fy\k_]Zeh]_gu\oh^yl\ khklZ\y^h\bluohljZ\eyxsbo\_s_kl\Ijbba[uld_]Zeh]_gh\\ hj]Zgbaf_jZa\b\ZxlkyjZaebqgu_[he_agb11Hl\_l\aylbamq_[gbdZgZklj36<hijhk< jhebm[bcpu\uklmiZ_l]Zeh]_g ²oehj — ]Zak _^dbfaZiZohf[e_^gha_e_gh]hp\_lZy^h\blHibku\Z_lkyijbf_g_gb_\ \hcg_obfbq_kdh]hhjm`by<hijhkIj_^hklZ\ey_f\Zf\hafh`ghklvihnZglZabjh\ZlvkZfbf§ 20Dbkehjh^<hijhk1) 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3; Al0 ± $O3+, O02  22–2) 3Fe + 2O2=Fe3O4; Fe0±→Fe2+, 2Fe0± → 2Fe3+, O02  22–<hijhkS + O2 = SO2,4P + 5O2 = 2P2O5,C + O2 = CO2.<hijhkDZlZebaZlhjZfbgZau\ZxlkylZdb_\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_ih\urZxlkdhjhklvj_ZdpbbghkZfbijbwlhf\ j_Zdpbxg_\klmiZxl<ijbkmlkl\b_dZlZebaZlhjZ — MnO2\ eZ[hjZlhjbbihemqZxlH2iml_fjZaeh`_gby+2O2.MnO 22H2O2 ⇒ 2H2O + O2↑.<hijhkJ_ZdpbyjZaeh`_gby HgO:t2HgO ⇒ 2Hg + O2↑;AZ^ZqZImklvm gZk_klv] aZ]jyag_ggh]h+J2Ba\_klghqlhkh^_j`Zgb_ijbf_k_ckhklZ\ey_l <uoh^j_Zdpbb %.JZkkqblZcl_h[t_fdbkehjh^Zihemq_ggh]hijbjZaeh`_gbbhdkb^ZjlmlbJ_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkmqbklh]h+J2m(HgO) = mkf_kb ⋅ωkf_kb (HgO) = 10⋅± ]W2) +J2 +J2 fhev0 ]fhevP ] fhev9 efhev9 e9H2)l_hj = ] ⋅ e]3) 92 ijZdl = 0,8;e92 l_hjV(O2)ijZdl = V(O2)l_hj⋅ e⋅ eHl\_le dbkehjh^Zj_Zevgh\u^_ebehkv37<hijhkJ_Zdpbb]hj_gby ²j_Zdpbb\_s_kl\Zk dbkehjh^hfijhl_dZxsb_k[hevrhckdhjhklvxk \u^_e_gb_f[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\Zl_ieZbkhijh\h`^Zxsb_ky\hkieZf_g_gb_f>uoZgb_ ² wlh ijhp_kk f_^e_ggh]h hdbke_gby Hg aZdexqZ_lky \ke_^mxs_fdbkehjh^^hklZ\ey_lky]_fh]eh[bghf djh\b\h\k_ldZgbbde_ldb hj]ZgbafZ dbkehjh^ hdbkey_l m]e_\h^u h[jZamy ijb wlhfm]e_dbkeuc ]Za b \h^m b hk\h[h`^Zy wg_j]bx g_h[oh^bfmx ^eyhj]ZgbafZKoh^kl\h aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh h[Z ijhp_kkZ _klv ijhp_kkuhdbke_gby \ h[hbo kemqZyo \uk\h[h`^Z_lky wg_j]by \ j_amevlZl_j_Zdpbch[jZamxlkyhdkb^uJZaebqbyaZdexqZxlky\ kdhjhklyohdbke_gby\ dhebq_kl\_\u^_ey_fhcwg_j]bb<hijhkNhlhkbgl_a ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby\j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hhgbih]ehsZxlKH2 b \u^_eyxlH2.>uoZgb_ ²wlhijhp_kk`bag_^_yl_evghklbjZkl_gby`b\hlgh]hbq_eh\_dZ\ j_amevlZl_dhlhjh]hih]ehsZ_lkyH2 b \u^_ey_lkyKH2.Ijbnhlhkbgl_a_b ^uoZgbb\ jZkl_gbyoijhbkoh^ylijhlb\hiheh`gu_ijhp_kku<hijhkIjhy\bl_k\hbl\hjq_kdb_kihkh[ghklb\ gZibkZgbbkhqbg_gby<hijhk2F2 + H2O = 2HF + F2O;) H )2 − H 2hdbkebl_ev \hkklZgh\bl_ev<hijhk§ 21K_jZ>Zgh: m(ZnS ij d]ωijbf_kb %.GZclb: V(SO2)J_r_gb_GZc^_ffZkkm\_s_kl\Z[_aijbf_kbm(ZnS)=m(ZnS ij±P=Q6 ij⋅ωij d] ±d]⋅ d]AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_j_ZdpbbP ⋅ =Q6 fhev0 ]fhevP ]+ 2 =Q2 +] ²e388⋅103] ²o eoe62 fhev9 efhev9 e38o ⋅ ⋅ ≈100⋅103 e f3.Hl\_l: V(SO2 f3.<hijhk3S .KO23 = 2KCl + 3SO2↑;6 − 6H &O H &O<hijhk\hkklZgh\bl_evhdbkebl_ev4→ HgS → SO2 → Na2SO3 →→ SO3 → H2SO4.SSO2 1.

S + Hg = HgS;2. HgS + O2 = SO2↑ + Hg;3. SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O;4. Na2SO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + SO2↑;5. 2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3;6. SO3 + H2O = H2SO4.<hijhkKh_^bg_gby\oh^ysb_\ khklZ\\medZgbq_kdbo]Zah\h[eZ^Zxllhdkbq_kdbfbk\hckl\Zfb<hijhkJZgvr_jlmlvgZau\Zebf_jdmjb_f\ q_lvieZg_luF_jdmjbcIjbklZ\dZ^_hagZqZ_lhljbpZgb_Lh]^Z©^_f_jdmjbaZpbyª ²wlhmgbqlh`_gb_jlmlbl_h[_aaZjZ`b\Zgb_12356§ 22Kh_^bg_gbyk_ju<hijhkZ K_jh\h^hjh^ ijhy\ey_l lhevdh \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ldk_jZ\ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbbbf__lkl_i_gvhdbke_gby±gZbf_gvrZyba\hafh`guoW2H2O + 2SO2↑.[hdkb^k_ju,9fh`_lijhy\eylvk\hckl\ZdZdhdbkebl_eylZdb\hkklZgh\bl_eyldkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_ju\ ^Zgghfkh_^bg_gbby\ey_lkyijhf_`mlhqghc2H2S + 3O2t2SO2 + 3Cba[ = CS2 + 2CO2,t\k_jZlZd`_fh`_lijhy\eylvhdbkebl_evgu_b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_kihkh[ghklbl_kl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lkyijhf_`mlhqghcS + H2 = H2S↑,S + O2 = SO2↑;SO2 + Cl2 = SO2Cl2;39]k_jgZydbkehlZijhy\ey_lhdbkebl_evgu_k\hckl\Zldkl_i_gvhdbke_gbyk_juy\ey_lkyfZdkbfZevgh\hafh`ghc2H2SOdhgp+Cu = CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O.<hijhkZK_jgbkluc]ZaihemqZxlijbiheghfk`b]Zgbbk_jh\h^hjh^Zbh[`b]_kmevnb^h\tt2H2S+3O2 = 2SO2↑+2H2O,2ZnS+3O2 = 2ZnO+2SO2↑.K_jgbkluc]Za622) ²[_kp\_lguc]Zak oZjZdl_jgufaZiZohfijhy\ey_llbibqgu_k\hckl\Zdbkehlguohdkb^h\b ohjhrhjZkl\hjy_lky\ \h^_h[jZamykeZ[mxk_jgbklmxdbkehlmSO2+H2O ∅ H2SO3.Kh_^bg_gbyk_juIV): NaHSO3, Na2SO3 b 622 bkihevamxlky^eyhl[_eb\Zgbyr_jklbr_edZ[mfZ]bb khehfuZ lZd`_\ dZq_kl\_dhgk_j\bjmxsbokj_^kl\^eykhojZg_gbyk\_`boieh^h\b njmdlh\[Hdkb^k_ju9,ihemqZxlihke_^mxs_cj_ZdpbbWFDW2SO3.Hdkb^k_ju9, ²[_kp\_lgZykbevgh^ufysZykygZ\ha^mo_`b^dhklvijhy\ey_llbibqgu_dbkehlgu_k\hckl\ZjZkl\hjyykv\\h^_h[jZam_lk_jgmxdbkehlm2SO2+O2H2O + SO3 = H2SO4.K_jgZydbkehlZ ²h^bgba\Z`g_crboijh^mdlh\ bkihevam_fuo\jZaebqguohljZkeyoijhfure_gghklb<hijhkJZa[Z\e_ggZyk_jgZydbkehlZ\uklmiZ_l\ dZq_kl\_we_dljheblZ\bhgguoj_ZdpbyoGZijbf_jBaCl2 + H2SO4 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + 2HCl;Ba2+ + SO42– ⇒ BaSO4↓.K_jgZydbkehlZijhy\ey_lk\hckl\Zhdbkebl_ey< H<J+2SO4\klmiZ_llhevdhdhgp_gljbjh\ZggZyJZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbb+2SO4 k f_lZeeZfb=Qb &Xk ihabpbbhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evguoj_ZdpbcZn + H2SOjZa[ ⇒ ZnSO4 + H2↑,Cu + 2H2SOdhgp ⇒ CuSO4 + SO2↑ + 2H2O.B \lhfb \^jm]hfkemqZ_b^_lH<Jgh\ i_j\hcj_Zdpbbjhevhdbkebl_eyb]jZxldZlbhguG+Z \h\lhjhc ²k_jZAZibr_fbhggh_mjZ\g_gb_^eyi_j\hcj_Zdpbb40Zn0 + 2H+ ⇒ Zn2+ + + ↑.Wlmj_Zdpbxfh`ghhlg_klbd j_Zdpbyfbhggh]hh[f_gZL_i_jvjZkkfhljbfj_Zdpbbbhggh]hh[f_gZk ihabpbbl_hjbbwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbDZd\uagZ_l_j_Zdpbybhggh]hh[f_gZb^_llhevdh\ lhfkemqZ__keb\ j_amevlZl_h[jZam_lkykeZ[h^bkkhpbbjmxs__\_s_kl\hGZijbf_jZnSO4 + MgCl2 ∅ MgSO4 + ZnCl2.J_Zdpbyg_b^_lldg_h[jZamxlkyfZeh^bkkhpbbjmxsb_\_s_kl\Z< jZkl\hj_gZoh^blkykf_kvbhgh\ZnSO4 + BaCl2 ⇒ BaSO4↓ + ZnCl2.62 − + Ba⇒ BaSO4↓.J_Zdpbyijhl_dZ_lld%D624 ²fZehjZkl\hjbf<hijhkIhemq_gb_k_jghcdbkehluS 123FeS 2  SO 3 H 2 SO 4.→ SO 2 →→H 2S 2+1.

S+O2=SO2↑; 4FeS2H2 = 2Fe2O3+8SO2; 2H2S+3O2 = 2H2O+2SO2.622WFDWtt623. SO3+H2O = H2SO4.<hijhk>Zgh: V(H22 fe ]9622 eGZclb: ω\ jj_(H2SO3)J_r_gb_AZibr_fmjZ\g_gb_ihemq_gbyk_jgbklhcdbkehluH2O+SO2 = H2SO3.BamjZ\g_gby\b^ghqlh^eyh[jZah\Zgbyfhev+2SO3 gm`gh\aylvfhev+22b fhev622GZc^_fqbkehfhev+22b 622:400]P+ 2fhev=νG2H 0+ 218] / fhevV(SO 2 ) efhev=ν(SO2) = e fhevVνKe_^h\Zl_evgh622 gZoh^blky\ g_^hklZld_b ihemqbehkvfhevH2SO3Lh]^Zm gZkhklZehkvνG2Hhkl ± fhev412. ω\ jj_(H2SO3) ===m(H 2 SO 3 )m(H 2SO 3 )==m(j − jZ )m(H 2SO 3 ) + m(H 2 O) hkl.ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 =ν+ 62 ⋅ 0+62 + ν + 2hkl ⋅ 0+ 2fhev ⋅ ] fhev= 0,095 = 9,5 %.fhev ⋅ ] fhev + fhev ⋅] fhevHl\_l: ω\ jj_(H2SO3) = 9,5 %.<hijhkAZibr_fj_Zdpbxkbgl_aZ623:2SO2 + O22SO3.Ij_`^_\k_]hwlZj_Zdpbyhdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgZy → S 6+ ;S 4+ − 2 e hdbke_gb_\hkklZgh\bl_ev  _gb_→ 2O 2− .O 02 + 4 e \hkklZgh\ehdbkebl_evLZd`_j_Zdpbykbgl_aZ623 y\ey_lkyh[jZlghcj_Zdpb_cl_hgZb^_lh^gh\j_f_ggh\ h[_klhjhguJ_ZdpbygZqbgZ_lkylhevdhijbhlghkbl_evgh\ukhdbol_fi_jZlmjZo°K bijhl_dZ_l\ijbkmlkl\b_dZlZebaZlhjZieZlbguhdkb^h\\ZgZ^by`_e_aZb l^>eykf_s_gbyjZ\gh\_kby\ijZ\hgZ^h\kihfgblvijbgpbiE_RZl_ev_^ey]Zah\ijb\ukhdhf^Z\e_gbbj_Zdpbyb^_l\ lmklhjhgm]^_h[sbch[t_f]Zah\f_gvr_< gZr_fkemqZ_ke_\Zdhebq_kl\h]Zah\fhevkijZ\Z ²fhevl_ijbm\_ebq_gbb^Z\e_gbyj_Zdpby[m^_lkf_sZlvky\ klhjhgmh[jZah\Zgby623.<hijhk>Zgh: V(H2H fe0&X624⋅5H22 ]GZclb: ω\ jj_(CuSO4)J_r_gb_: 1.