Н.Э. Шарабарина, Л.В. Кулик - English for Junior Students of the Humanities - UNIT 1

UNIT 1LANGUAGE AND SOCIETYPRE-TEXT EXERCICESEXERCISE 1 Practise reading the following words and collocationsa) launched; unprecedented; aspiration; environment; especially; medicine;consumerism; influence; calculation; economic; economy; superior;b) special development; artificial languages; man-made hybrids; above all; " media"industries; significant event; technological change; bilingual secretary; news-journalism;development programs; major corporations; mass entertainment; worldwide phenomenon;•c) newspapers and broadcasting; science and industry; courts and civil service; tradeand finance; invention and manufacture; to advertise and market; richness and power;abolishing and inventing;d) the idea of a language; currently used by people; real roots in any community;acceptedas a fact .

of cultural life; to be underestimated; a vital means ofintercommunication; demands of modernisation; with a few exceptions; measured by theopposition of its old rival; despite these efforts; to take a series of measures; to check thespread of; what is true of individuals and companies applies to .... ; used at all levels ofsociety; benefits of the standardising process; a variety of English; still largely controlledby ... ; while this appears to be ... ;e) Australia, Canada, India, Malaya, New Zealand, South Africa, Singapore, Japan,China, Indonesia, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, the United States.f)CountryThe UKEnglandDenmarkFranceHolland (the Netherlands)ScotlandJapanChinaSwitzerlandthe USARussiaNationality (adjective)BritishEnglishDanishFrenchDutchScotchJapaneseChineseSwissAmericanRussianNationality ( people )the Britishthe Englishthe Danesthe Frenchthe Dutchthe Scotch /Scotsthe Japanesethe Chinesethe Swissthe Americans•the RussiansA UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE2The idea of a language that could unite the world goes back to the late 171h century.It had a special development a century ago when, in 1887, Dr.

Zamenhof launchedEsperanto, still the most popular of the many artificial languages, currently used by between seven and twelve million people. But the thing is, that neither Esperanto norInterlingua, Novial and Interglossa, all man-made hybrids, have real roots in anycommunity.One cannot deny that it is the English language that has all the benefits forbecoming the global language of our time.32-67543The first step of the global spread of English can be found in former Britishcolonies, where English as a second language has become accepted as a fact ofcultural life .. English is a vital means of intercommunication and is used_at all levelsof society: -in local English-language newspapers and broadcasting, in publicadministration, in university education, in science and industry, the courts and thecivil service. It also provides the everyday basic vocabulary. The cross-culturalspread of English is unprecedented.

It is more widely used than any of the othercolonial languages like French, Portuguese and Spanish.4At a second, equally important level, global English has become the one foreign• language that the world wants to learn. Some countries such as Singapore, Japan,China, Indonesia and the Philippines exhibit this aspiration more than others. Onebasic force is an international need and desire to communicate. The more Englishspeaking the world gets, the more desirable the language becomes to all societies.English is the language of the «media» industries - news-journalism, radio, film andtelevision. Almost any international press conference held to disseminateinformation about an internationally significant event will be conducted in English.5It is well known, that the demands of modernization, technological change andinternational finance provide the main reason for global English, the language of themultinational corporations.

Of the leading countries in world trade, eight arecountries in wh ich English either is an official language or was an official language incolonial times: Australia, Canada, India, Malaya, New Zealand, South Africa, theUnited Kingdom, and the United States. The pressure to learn English in thisenvironment is strictly commercial. A businessman who doesn't know English andwho has to run .to his bilingual secretary is at a serious disadvantage.6What is true of individuals and companies applies to countries.

If the people donot know English they cannot benefit from multinational development programs.Being the language of international trade and finance, it is the language oftechnology, especially computers, of medicine, ofthe international aid bodies.7The power of English is confined not only to the invention and manufacture of newtechnology.

All major corporations advertise and market their products in English.English as the language of international pop music and mass entertainment isworldwide phenomenon. With a few exceptions, the culture of popular entertainmentand mass consumerism is an Anglo-American one, expressing itself in a variety ofEnglish.8It is generally accepted, that the global influence of English can be measured by theopposition of its old rival, French. For centuries, French was the internationallanguage par excellence. The French have cherished their language through theAcademie Francaise, but it was not until the mid -1970s that French Presidentsbecame very concerned about the future of the French language.

They took a seriesof measures to check the spread of Ia langue du Coca-Cola, abolishing borrowedwords where possible and inventing suitable French alternatives. Despite theseefforts, it is estimated that, in a newspaper like Le Monde, one word in 166 will beEnglish. Another calculation claims that about one-twentieth of day-to-day Frenchvocabulary is composed of anglicismes.9Still, it is the non-linguistic forces - cultural, social, economic and political - thathave made English the first world language in human history.

This means thatlanguage is neutral , passive; only the ways it is used make it active. Why doesEnglish inspire affection not only among those for whom it is the mother tongue, butalso among those for whom it is a foreign language? The richness and power ofEnglish was summarized in the nineteenth century by the great German philologistJakob Grimm when he wrote, « In wealth, wisdom and strict economy, none of theother living languages can compete with it».

But is it, in fact, «better», « superior», «more expressive» , «richer» than other languages ?(from The World of English by Brian Green .. .)4"":;:>•Notes:Don't use THE withCountries with one wordFrance, "enezuelaRussiaGermanyUse THE withCountries with more than one wordThe Central African RepublicThe Russian FederationThe German Federative RepublicExcept: The Netherlands,The PhilippinesThe SudanExcept: Great BritainACTI"E VOCABULARY•1.

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