Н.Э. Шарабарина, Л.В. Кулик - English for Junior Students of the Humanities - UNIT 1 (1109869), страница 5
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One cannot deny that...a) CyiiJ.eCTByeT 60JibiiiOe KOJIHqeCTBO yqe6HHKOB HHOCTpaHHbiX .ll3biKOB, KOTOpbieOCHOBbiBaiOTC.ll Ha pa3HbiX MeTO.IJ:aX npeno,n:aBaHH.ll.b) MHOrHe ro,n:bl OllTHMaJihHhiH MeTO.IJ: H3yqeHH.ll HHOCrpaHI'fOrO .ll3biKa COCTO.liJI BqTeHHH H aHaJIH3e XY.IJ:O)I(eCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbi.C) Me)I(.IJ:y .ll3biKOM JIHTepaTypbl H JIHTeparypdbiM .ll3biKOM cyrn.eCTByeT orpOMHa.llpa3HHQa.d) qTeHHe JIHTepaTypbl ynyqrnaeT CTHJib pequ H3yqaJOrn.ero HHOCTpaHHbiH .ll3biK, Hf\3TO npoucxo,n:HT oqeHh Me,n:neHHO.e) oqeBH.IJ:HOe npeHMYW.eCTBO CTHJI.ll HayqHoro 06W.eHH.ll 3aKJIJOqaeTCSI B TOM, qTo 3TOTBapHaHT .ll3biKa MO)I(eT 6biTb HCllOJib30BaH .IJ:fl.ll 06Cy)I(.IJ:eHH.ll CaMbiXpa3Hoo6pa3HhiX npo6neM.EXERCISE 13Translate the following collocations.Pay attention to the words with suffixes -ly, - a/Artificial languageCurrent eventsTo sound artificiallyCurrently usedA vital means of communicationCultural lifePublic administrationEqual rightsA strict teacherVitally necessaryCulturally correctTo speak publiclyEqually importantStrictly_commercialEiERCISE 14 Identify the subject and the verb in all the sentences of the textEvery language develops to meet the needs of its speakers.
If its speakers are allrestricted to one area and all live the same type of existence, ( agricultural, for example )then few varieties of that language may be necessary. If, on the other hand, it is widelyspoken and is used by groups of people in more complex societies, then it develops; or inother words the speakers extend it to meet all demands; as many varieties of the samelanguage develop as are necessary.
Thus the many varieties of English could be dividedinto three main categories: national, group and individual.Now let us consider the language varieties spoken by different groups within one nationand lheir significance. It is often the case that you will find both speakers of entirelydifferent native languages and speakers of many varieties of that country's mainlanguage. In Britain, for example, there are minority groups speaking Welsh, Gaelic andimmigrant languages such as Hindi and everyone has a more or less regional accent ofsome type while a few people speak dialect. How jealously minority groups guard theirright to communicate in a second language or dialect is a measure of their desire forsocial and political independence, and so a study of the linguistic make-up of any nationcan tell us a great deal about the political aspirations of its minority groups.15(from Carole Robinson, Themes for Proficiency, Oxford University Press, 1994)'EXERCISE 15 Translate into Russian with the help of a dictionary (in writing)It is generally accepted, that the English language has three characteristics that can becounted as assets in its world state.
First of all, unlike all other European languages, thegender of every noun in modern English is determined by meaning, and does not require amasculine, feminine or neutral article.·The second practical quality of English is that it has grammar of great simplicity andflexibility. Nouns and adjectives have highly simplified word-endings. This flexibilityextends to the parts of speech themselves. This means, that nouns can become verbs andverbs nouns in a way that is impossible in other languages. We can dog someone'sfootsteps. We canfoot It to the bus. We can bus children to school and then school themin English.Above all, the great quality of English is its teeming vocabulary, 80 per cent of which isforeign-born.
Precisely because its roots are so varied - Celtic, Germanic ( German,Scandinavian and Dutch ) and Romance ( Latin, French and Spanish )- it has words incommon with virtually every language in Europe : German, Yiddish, Dutch, Flemish,Danish, Swedish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Almost any page of the OxfordEnglish Dictionary or Webster's Third will turn up borrowings from Hebrew and Arabic,Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Malay, Chinese, the languages of Java, Australia, Tahiti, Polynesia,West Africa and even from one of the aboriginal languages of Brazil. One cannot deny,that enormous range and varied source of this vocabulary, as much as the sheer numbersand geographical spread of its speakers, makes English a language of such uniquevitality.
In the words of H.L. Mencken, one of the greatest writers on English, «A livinglanguage is like a man suffering incessantly from small hemorrhages, and what it needsabove all else is constant transfusions of new blood from other tongues. The day the gatesgo up, that day it begins to die.»(from «The Story of English», Oxford University Press, 1991)TEXT ANALYSIS.16An essential quality of all good writing is unity, or singleness of purpose. Text as awhole consists of united paragraphs, and paragraphs consist of united sentences.
Theparagraph is a unit of thought concerned with the development of a single idea. Itmust refer to one controlling idea. The sentence that expresses the controlling idea ofa paragraph is called the topic sentence.Some Rules for Writing a Good Paragraph:I.•The topic sentence contains the dominating idea that will be developed in theparagraph.2. The topic sentence should be placed at the beginning of the paragraph, because itis easier to form a paragraph from a key idea than to lead up to that idea.3.
The controlling idea is the essential descriptive or judgmental or argumentativepart of the topic sentence.4. The controlling idea is the word or phrase that is limited and readily defined.5. The controlling idea is best placed toward the end of the topic sentence.6. If you choose a complex topic sentence, the controlling idea should appear in themain clause.7. Compound topic sentence may include several controlling ideas, each of whichshould be developed.8. Avoid the dead-end topic sentence, which lacks a controlling idea and does notmean any development .9. A void the question as topic sentence.EXERCISE 1Underline the topic sentences and circle the controlling ideas in thefQlifJJ:ri.nuaragraphs .
Analyse them according to the rules given aboveI.In the modern world of print no one with a desire to be well informed can afford to bea slow and inefficient reader. Great academic waste results annually from theinability of students to read efficiently. Indeed, a common complaint of teachers fromthe elementary schools through the university is that many students fail, whether inEnglish history, science, or mathematics, because they cannot read. Studies in highschools and colleges throughout the United States have shown a strong positiverelationship between a student's ability to read and his ability to succeed, with hisgeneral schoolwork.2.
Acquiring better comprehension demands purposeful activity. The more interestingyou are in what you are reading, the more likely you are to understanding it. Interestis not, however absolutely essential for comprehension. It acts mainly s a drivingforce. But no full and sustained progress will be made without a motive supported byinterest.EXERCISE 2I.2.3.4.5.6.7.In the following topic sentences circle the word or words that containthe controlling idea. Develop it into a paragraphMany of the part-time jobs available to students are not too attractive.Few countries can now achieve a technical revolution without money from abroad.The names of many oftoday's rock groups show originality and imagination.For many people writing is a disagreeable task because it is such a solitary activity.The second practical quality of English is that it has grammar of great simplicity (\t1dflexibility.Above all, the great quality of English is its rich vocabulary.The type of language spoken by each individual within a society is a symbol of hispersonality educational background and social status.EXERCISE 3Underline the topic sentence and circle the controlling idea in the text" Universal Language".
Develop the controlling idea of eachparagraph of the text in your own words17TEXT CONTENT.EXERCISE 1 Find in the text and read off the answers to the following questionsI. What time does the idea of a language that could unite the world go back to?2. Which of artificial languages is currently most popular? •3.Where is the first level of the global spread of English to be found?4.How i~ English used in former British colonies?5.
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