Учебник Англ 2 курс (Учебник 2020 год для 2 курсов(3 семестр)), страница 8

f) The maximal total _______ is the maximum distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing.

36 Watch the first part of the video ‘Top 10 commercial airplanes’ (0:00 – 3:37) and match the airplanes to their descriptions.

37 Watch the second part of the video ‘Top 10 commercial airplanes’ (from 3:38) and fill in the gaps in the statements.

___________ has composite materials in its structure.

___________ is the largest passenger plane.

___________ is the most widely used airplane.

___________ stopped flying in 2003.

___________was the first jumbo jet.

___________was the first to be designed mainly using CAD.

38 In pairs discuss the following questions:

What is your opinion of this ranking?

Which commercial planes would you add to the list?

If you were to shorten the list to Top 5, which planes would be there?

GRAMMAR: ING or TO?

39 Choose the correct verb form in each sentence. Formulate the rule.

New aircraft technologies promise to reduce/ reducing the cost of air travel.

Transatlantic flights tend to fly/ flying closer to North Pole.

I enjoy to travel/ travelling by plane.

He kept to use/ using his phone during the flight.

I don’t mind to sit/ sitting in the aisle seat

The airplane began to descend/ descending.

There is no rule

you have to memorize or look it up in the dictionary if a verb is followed by TO or -ING.

Verb + to infinitive

AFFORD ENCOURAGE GET OFFER TEND

AGREE EXPECT HOPE PRETEND TRY

ASK FAIL INTEND PROMISE WANT

DECIDE FORCE MANAGE REFUSE WOULD LIKE

Verb + - ing

ADMIT DISLIKE FINISH MIND PRACTISE

AVOID ENJOY GIVE UP KEEP RISK

CONSIDER FEEL LIKE INVOLVE CAN’T HELP SUGGEST

If a verb is followed by a preposition, it needs an –ing form of the verb

E.G. You can’t learn English without making mistakes.

Verb + to infinitive OR –ing BEGIN, START, CONTINUE

40 Translate the verbs and sort them into the categories.

+ to infinitive + ing + to or + ing

Бросать; быть против; влечь за собой; иметь тенденцию; избегать; отказываться; предлагать; признавать; принуждать; притворяться; продолжать; просить; решать; рассматривать; ожидать; намереваться

41 Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the appropriate form. Note: there are 2 extra verbs

Agree/ ask/ begin/ can’t help/ decide/ fail/ keep/ manage/ pretend/ promise/ refuse/ start/ try

1. My girlfriend and I were on a budget so we considered flying with a low-cost airline.

2. Thankfully, we _________ to arrive at the airport in time.

3. Unfortunately, I ________ to check in online and our seats were in different rows.

4. We ________the flight attendant to let us sit together.

5. The flight attendant ___________to help us because it was against the airline’s policy.

6. My girlfriend ________to be sick and I ________complaining loudly.

7. Other passengers ________ to interfere but we ignored them and ______ making noise.

8. Suddenly the plane _______ shaking uncontrollably.

9. I __________ crying and praying.

10. I __________ to myself never to fly again.

42 Answer the questions. Read the text in Ex. 43 and check your answers

1. Why do aircraft manufacturers attempt to break the plane’s wings?

2. Why do aircraft manufacturers conduct tests in different climatic zones?

3. How dead chickens are used in aircraft tests?

4. Why carbon fiber planes are covered with a layer of metal?

43 Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets

EXTREME TESTING OF AIRPLANES

load нагрузка

cannon пушка

encounter встретить

In the last 10 years, the testing methods have seen major changes– both on the ground and in computer simulations intended to minimize the number of hours testing planes in flight.

Accidents of the past encouraged aircraft designers (bring in) more and more safety features into new aircraft at the design stage, long before they started (carry) passengers.

To see how the wings and fuselage would behave under both normal and exceptional loads during their life, manufacturers perform so-called “static tests.” The final test involves (get) the aircraft wings (snap) – this helps (find out) their breaking point.

Collisions even with small birds can cause an engine (stall) or (explode) . To ensure that engines continue (operate) even after a bird strike, engine manufacturers throw dead birds into test engines on the ground with a so-called “chicken gun”– a large-diameter, compressed-air cannon.

To make sure that engines, systems and materials keep (work) properly under extremely hot temperatures and at high altitude, manufacturers test aircraft in intense heat and freezing conditions. These trials are intended (validate) full functionality of the engines, systems, materials and to ensure that the passengers, are always in a comfortable environment

Wind tunnels allow manufacturers (test) all phases of flight – including extreme conditions. The Research Aerodynamics Icing Tunnel allows Boeing (simulate) many kinds of rain, ice and cloud conditions that airplanes might encounter.

One of the most cutting-edge ways of testing modern planes involves (build) the key systems of the aircraft on the ground and then (test) these systems digitally.

On average, a plane gets (be hit) by lightning about once a year. Traditional aluminium planes are usually able (continue) their journey safely – the high electrical conductivity of aluminium allows it (dissipate) the electricity through the aircraft structure quickly without (cause ) any damage. But next-generation aircraft are built from new materials, such as carbon fibre, which tend (have) much lower electrical conductivity than aluminium. These materials need (be protected) against lightning strike. It is usually done by (add) a thin layer of metal. The problem is that it adds weight. Researchers are trying (find) other solutions to protect systems against strikes, which will maintain safety levels and avoid (add) weight.

44 Make word combinations using the words from the left-hand and the right-hand boxes.

45 *Fill in the gaps with the word combinations from Ex. 44.

The purpose of testing aircraft on the ground is reducing the number of in-flight tests. Based on the experience of the past crashes, the designers add extra ________ ________ to prevent potential problems. Static tests are meant to estimate the _______ ________ for the wings and fuselage as a result of loads during the flight. To estimate the potential damage from bird strikes, engineers use large _________ ______ guns. Aviation manufacturer also conduct hot and cold tests to ensure proper functioning of the systems and ____________ ___________ for the passengers. Flying conditions can be simulated in ________ _________ and ground testing facilities. To protect modern ________ _______ aircraft from lighting strikes, new solutions are needed because the metal coating added to increase __________ _________ also increases the aircraft weight.

46 *Watch the video about how airplanes are made and choose the correct option.

1. The video takes you on a tour around the Boeing/ Airbus facility.

2. Engineers and designers develop the aircraft and its manufacturing/ testing process.

3. Aerodynamics of every part is tested separately/ in flight.

4. There are over two/ three million parts.

5. The wings and fuselage are made out of carbon/ glass fibre composites.

6. The last part to install is the landing gear/ engine.

7. The facility can produce ten/ two airplanes a month.

8. Every single part of the manufacture process has its own expert/ office.

L esson 4 Revolution in the Skies

47 How will future aircraft be different from what we have today?

Brainstorm this question in small groups. Use the prompts below to sum up your brainstorming results.

48 Look at the photos. What future concept does this plane represent? What do you know about this project?

49 Watch the video about Solar Impulse 2 and correct mistakes in the text below

Solar Impulse 2 boasts the wingspan of a Boeing 777, and weighs just like a truck. It is covered in heat-insulating panels. The plane flies at a speed of about 500 mph and is very easy to control. The goal is to fly as high as possible. The cockpit is as spacious as a limousine. The pilots Borschberg and Piccard use yoga, self-hypnosis and meditation to endure days in the air without losing their minds. This airplane demonstrates the future of aviation. The pilots believe that in 50 years’ time commercial solar powered planes will appear.

50 Work in groups of three. Choose one text to read and discuss these questions.

STUDENT A

The drive to increase fuel efficiency and improve the aerodynamic performance of new aircraft is leading designers to move away from using aluminium in airframes. Instead today's latest planes like Boeing's 787 Dreamliner and Airbus's A350 rely on lightweight carbon fibre composites. The key to a composite material like carbon fibre is that it is incredibly strong for its weight. Composites mean that manufacturers can get a good surface finish on components to optimise their aerodynamic performance.

Using these kinds of materials is also opening up other potential savings. An A380 super-jumbo, for instance, has about six million parts – but in future this could be cut down considerably. Manufacturing time also will shorten, saving money.

Crucially for aircraft manufacturers, carbon fibre components are lighter than similar parts made of aluminium. Each kilogramme cut means a saving of roughly $1m in costs over the lifetime of an aircraft – and the use of such composites can reduce the weight of an aircraft by up to 20%. Currently, Boeing's latest plane, the 787 Dreamliner uses composites for half of its airframe including the fuselage and wing, while Airbus's A350 XWB has both its fuselage and wings made of carbon fibre.

The great advantage of using carbon fibre as opposed to traditional metal is that it gives aircraft designers much more freedom when trying to combine the demands of aerodynamic efficiency, fuel savings and reducing engine noise.

Airbus recently presented its own proposals for an airliner of the future - and it too moves away from the traditional narrow tube-like fuselage. Instead, its 2050 concept plane has a fatter fuselage, which is curved and shaped to improve airflow and to provide more internal space. Its wings are longer and slimmer to reduce drag and save on fuel. The tail section is U-shaped, which acts as a shield, cutting down on engine noise. The engines themselves will have become more reliable, so ground crew will need to access them less frequently for maintenance. ( 2,027 characters) https://www.bbc.com/news/business-25833264