ГДЗ-Химия-8-класс-Рудзитис-1999 (991182)

Просмтор этого файла доступен только зарегистрированным пользователям. Но у нас супер быстрая регистрация: достаточно только электронной почты!

Текст из файла

>hfZrgyy jZ[hlZihobfbbaZ deZkkd mq_[gbdm ©ObfbydeZkkª=?Jm^ablbkN=N_ev^fZgF©Ijhk\_s_gb_ª ]mq_[ghijZdlbq_kdh_ihkh[b_KH>?J@:GB?=eZ\Z ,I_j\hgZqZevgu_obfbq_kdb_ ihgylby AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd †† klj AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd ††klj =eZ\Z,,Dbkehjh^=hj_gb_ AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd ††klj =eZ\Z,,,<h^hjh^ AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd †klj =eZ\Z ,9JZklh\ju<h^Z AZ^Zqbd †klj =eZ\Z9H[h[s_gb_k\_^_gbch \Z`g_crbodeZkkZog_hj]Zgbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbc AZ^Zqbd †† klj AZ^Zqbd †klj AZ^Zqbd †klj AZ^Zqbd †klj =eZ\Z9,I_jbh^bq_kdbcaZdhgb i_jbh^bq_kdZykbkl_fZobfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\>BF_g^_e__\ZKljh_gb_ZlhfZ AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd †klj AZ^Zqbd ††klj =eZ\Z9,,Obfbq_kdZyk\yav Kljh_gb_\_s_kl\ AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd ††klj =eZ\Z9,,,AZdhg:\h]Z^jhFheyjguch[t_f]Zah\ AZ^Zqbd ††klj =eZ\Z ,;=Zeh]_gu AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd ††klj AZ^Zqbd †klj EZ[hjZlhjgu_hiulub ijZdlbq_kdb_jZ[hlu =eZ\Z, I_j\hgZqZevgu_obfbq_kdb_ihgylbyAZ^Zqbd ††klj<hijhk‹ Qlh bamqZ_lobfby" DZdh\u__ \Z`g_crb_aZ^Zqbb agZq_gb_" GZah\bl_ dZdb_ ijh^mdlu obfbq_kdhc ijhfure_gghklb\ubkihevam_l_\ ih\k_^g_\ghc`bagbHl\_lObfby ² gZmdZ h \_s_kl\Zo bo k\hckl\Zo ij_\jZs_gbyo\_s_kl\b y\e_gbyokhijh\h`^Zxsbowlbij_\jZs_gbyAZ^Zqb” bamq_gb_\_s_kl\bok\hckl\b ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_bkihevah\Zgby\_s_kl\\ gZjh^ghfohayckl\_” ihemq_gb_jZaebqguo\_s_kl\g_h[oh^bfuo\ gZjh^ghfohayckl\_” jZajZ[hldZb bkihevah\Zgb_gh\uobklhqgbdh\wg_j]bb” hojZgZhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^u” hk\h_gb_hj]Zgbq_kdbob g_hj]Zgbq_kdbobklhqgbdh\kujvyAgZq_gb_ < k_evkdhf ohayckl\_ ² ijhba\h^kl\h fbg_jZevguo m^h[j_gbc ibs_\uo ^h[Z\hd d dhjfZf aZsblZ hl \j_^bl_e_cb l^ < e_]dhcijhfure_gghklb² ihemq_gb_gh\uofZl_jbZeh\eZdbdjZkdbb l ^ < ly`zehcijhfure_gghklb² ihemq_gb_f_lZeeh\bajm^bbobkihevah\Zgb_ < ibs_\hc ijhfure_gghklb ² ihemq_gb_ ibs_\uo ^h[Z\hddjZkbl_e_cdhgk_j\Zglh\ZjhfZlbq_kdbo^h[Z\hdb l^Ijh^mdlu bkihevam_fu_\ ih\k_^g_\ghc`bagbZ djZkdb² eZdbde_cqbklysb_b fhxsb_kj_^kl\Z[ kbgl_lbq_kdb_ b bkdmkkl\_ggu_fZl_jbZeudZijhgeZ\kZgieZklfZkku\ kZoZjhaZf_gbl_eb\ `\ZqdZo[_akZoZjZ\dmkh\u_ZjhfZlbq_kdb_djZkysb_^h[Z\dbkmob_khdbb ebfhgZ^udhe[Zkudhgn_lu] e_dZjkl\Z<hijhk‹ Q_fhlebqZxlkyihgylby©\_s_kl\hª b ©l_ehª" Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_juHl\_l\_s_kl\hl_ehHkgh\ghc h[t_dl obfbb Ba<kH lh qlh bf__l fZkkm b\_s_kl\ khklhyl \k_ hdjm`Zx h[tzfL_eZsb_gZkl_eZFh`_l[ulvh^ghjh^ghb g_ <_s_kl\h h^ghjh^gh ih fh h^ghjh^gh ih khklZ\m ?]he_dmeyjghfmb ZlhfZjghfmkh k\hckl\Z aZ\bkyl hl \_s_kl\klZ\m h[eZ^Z_l hij_^_e_ggu \oh^ysbo\ _]hkhklZ\fb k\hckl\Zfb nbabq_kdbfb GZijbf_j dZieb ^h`^yobfbq_kdbfbb l^bg_c kg_] lmfZg ^h`^v ez^ GZijbf_j \h^Z ² [_kp\_l ² khklhyl ba \h^u =jZgblgh_`b^dh_\_s_kl\h[_a\dmkZ^_j_\hklhefZrbgZeZfiZb aZiZoZWdbi_gby² Oƒ&WaZf_jaZgby² ƒ&k_jZ\h^hjh^f_^v<hijhk‹ Ba ke_^mxs_]h i_j_qgy \uibrbl_ hl^_evgh gZa\Zgby \_s_kl\b ij_^f_lh\ `_e_ah fbdjhf_lj f_^v dZijhg jlmlvgZibevgbd gh` kZoZjHl\_l\_s_kl\Zij_^f_ludZijhg f_^v jlmlv kZoZjgZibevgbdgh`fbdjhf_lj`_e_ahKlj<hijhk‹ DZdbfb koh^gufb b hlebqbl_evgufb k\hckl\Zfb h[eZ^Zxlke_^mxsb_\_s_kl\Z Z ih\Zj_ggZy khevb kZoZj [ mdkmkgZydbkehlZb \h^Z"Hl\_l\_s_kl\Zkoh^kl\ZjZaebqbyZih\Zj_g [_euc djbklZeeb khev² bf__lkhezguc\dmkgZy khev b q_kdbc ihjhrhdkZoZj² bf__lkeZ^dbc\dmkkZoZj[_a aZiZoZ ohjhrh jZkl\hjbfuc\ \h^_[mdkmkgZy ijhajZqgu_ `b^ \h^Z ² [_a\dmkgZy g_ bf__ldbkehlZ b dhklbaZiZoZ\h^ZmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ ² h[eZ^Z_lj_adbf aZiZohf dbkeuf \dmkhf<hijhk‹ GZ hkgh\_ `bag_ggh]h hiulZ b bkihevamy ^hihegbl_evgmxebl_jZlmjm aZihegbl_ijb\_^_ggmxgb`_lZ[ebpmb kjZ\gbl_k\hckl\Zf_^bb k_juHl\_loZjZdl_jgu_k\hckl\ZWe_dljhijh\h^bfhklvL_iehijh\h^ghklvF_lZeebq_kdbc[e_kdP\_lIehlghklv[L_fi_jZlmjZieZ\e_gbyDh\dhklvf_^v_klv_klv_klvdjZkgh\Zluc[hevrZy|ƒ&_klvk_jZg_lg_lg_l`zelucfZe_gvdZy| ƒ&g_l<hijhk‹HoZjZdl_jbamcl_\Z`g_crb_kihkh[ujZa^_e_gbykf_k_cbihemq_gbyqbkluo\_s_kl\”””””””””Hl\_lJZa^_e_gb_g_h^ghjh^guokf_k_chlklZb\Zgb_qZklbpui_kdZb ]ebgu\ fmlghc\h^_nbevljh\Zgb_qZklbpui_kdZb ]ebgu\ fmlghc\h^_^_ckl\b_ffZ]gblZhl^_e_gb_`_e_aZhl^jm]bo\_s_kl\ijhfu\Zgb_fjZa^_e_gb_ieZ\Zxsbob g_ieZ\ZxsboqZklbp² rZjbdbi_ghieZklZb ^jh[vijh^m\dhchl^_e_gb_[he__ly`zeuob [he__ez]dboqZklbp² \_ygv_a_jgZ JZa^_e_gb_h^ghjh^guokf_k_c\uiZjb\Zgb_f\uiZjb\Zgb_khe_cdjbklZeebaZpb_c ijhba\h^kl\h kZoZjZ g_dhlhjuo m^h[j_gbc^bklbeeypb_ci_j_]hgdhc jZa^_e_gb_ kibjlZ b \h^u ² ihemq_gb_ kZfh]hgZ<hijhk‹ >Zgukf_kb Z kibjlZb \h^u [ j_qgh]hi_kdZb kZoZjZ \f_^guo b `_e_aguo hibehd ] \h^u b [_gabgZ DZd jZa^_eblvwlbkf_kb" Ihykgbl_ gZdZdbok\hckl\Zodhfihg_glh\kf_kbhkgh\ZghbojZa^_e_gb_Hl\_lZ JZa^_eblvkibjlb \h^mfh`ghi_j_]hgdhcWdbi_gby\h^u² ƒKWdbi_gbykibjlZ² ƒK[ JZa^_eblvkf_kvj_qgh]hi_kdZb kZoZjZ fh`ghjZkl\hj_gb_fk ihke_^mxs_cnbevljZpb_cWlhlkihkh[hkgh\ZggZjZkl\hjbfhklbkZoZjZb g_jZkl\hjbfhklbi_kdZIhke_nbevljh\Zgby\a\_kbi_kdZ\ kZoZjghfjZkl\hj_kZoZjfh`gh\u^_eblvbajZkl\hjZdjbklZeebaZpb_c\ F_^gu_ b `_e_agu_ hibedb jZa^_eyxl ijb ihfhsb fZ]gblZFZ]gblg_ijbly]b\Z_ld k_[_f_^v\ j_amevlZl_f_^gu_hibedbhklZxlky] <h^mb [_gabgjZa^_eyxlhlklZb\Zgb_f;_gabge_]q_\h^ub q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy kh[bjZ_lky lhgdhc iezgdhc gZ ih\_joghklb\h^uIhke_wlh]h`b^dhklbfh`ghjZa^_eblvijbihfhsb^_ebl_evghc\hjhgdbJbk klj \ mq_[gbd_<hijhk‹Fh`gh eb nbevljh\Zgb_f \u^_eblv ba jZkl\hjZ ih\Zj_ggmxkhev Ihq_fm"Hl\_lG_l LZd dZd khev ohjhrh jZkl\hjy_lky \ \h^_ Z nbevljaZ^_j`b\Z_llhevdhg_jZkl\hjbfu_qZklbpu<hijhk‹>ZgZ kf_kv ih\Zj_gghc kheb k i_kdhf b \h^hc DZd ba g__\u^_eblv ih\Zj_ggmx khev b i_khd" DZdb_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\khklZ\eyxsbokf_kv ijb wlhfmqblu\Zxlky"Hl\_l<uihegblvihke_^h\Zl_evgh” nbevljh\Zgb_bebhlklZb\Zgb_\u^_ebfi_khd” \uiZjb\Zgb_\u^_ebfkhev” ^bklbeeypbx\u^_ebf\h^m<hijhk‹ KhklZ\vl_ \ l_ljZ^b lZ[ebpm b aZihegbl_ __ ijbf_jZfbgZhkgh\_\Zr_]h`bag_ggh]hhiulZHl\_lIjbf_juy\e_gbcAgZq_gb_wlbonbabq_kdbob obfbq_kdboy\e_gbb\ `bagbb \gZjh^ghfohayckl\_,Nbabq_kdboJZkl\hj_gb_ ² jZkl\hj_gb_kheb\ \h^_² dZmqmdZ\ [_gabg_² eZdZZp_lhghfDbi_gb_² dbi_gb_\h^uIeZ\e_gb_ ² ieZ\dZf_lZeeh\² lZygb_ev^ZIjbf_juy\e_gbcAgZq_gb_wlbonbabq_kdbob obfbq_kdboy\e_gbb\ `bagbb \gZjh^ghfohayckl\_,,Obfbq_kdboJ_Zdpby]h ² ]hj_gb_ lhieb\Z \ ^hfZo \ ^\b]Zl_eyo bj_gbyhdbk lie_gbyHdbke_gb_ ² hdbke_gb_`_e_aZj`Z\qbgZ<hijhk‹ DZdb_bai_j_qbke_gguoy\e_gbchlghkylkyd nbabq_kdbf ZdZdb_² d obfbq_kdbf Z j`Z\e_gb_`_e_aZ [ aZf_jaZgb_\h^u \ ]hj_gb_[_gabgZ ] ieZ\e_gb_Zexfbgby" Ihykgbl_Hl\_lObfbq_kdb_y\e_gbyZ j`Z\e_gb_`_e_aZ[ ]hj_gb_[_gabgZWlb y\e_gby hlghkylky d obfbq_kdbf lZd dZd \ j_amevlZl_h[jZamxlky ^jm]b_ \_s_kl\Z hdbke_gb_ `_e_aZ ² j`Z\qbgZhdkb^m]e_jh^Zb \h^ZNbabq_kdb_y\e_gbyZ aZf_jaZgb_\h^u[ ieZ\e_gb_Zexfbgby< wlhf kemqZ_ gh\uo \_s_kl\ g_ h[jZam_lky ijhbkoh^bllhevdhbaf_g_gb_Z]j_]Zlgh]hkhklhygby” \h^Zba`b^dh]hkhklhygbyi_j_oh^bl\ l\zj^h_” Zexfbgbcbal\zj^h]hkhklhygbyi_j_oh^bl\ `b^dh_AZ^Zqbd ††klj<hijhk‹ HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ jhev F< Ehfhghkh\Z b > >ZevlhgZ \kha^ZgbbZlhfghfhe_dmeyjgh]hmq_gbyHl\_lFboZbe<Zkbev_\bqEhfhghkh\ \ O9,,,\jZajZ[hlZemq_gb_h fhe_dmeZob ZlhfZo” ml\_j`^Ze qlh l_eZ \ ijbjh^_ khklhyl ba dhjimkdme fhe_dme\ khklZ\dhlhjuo\oh^ylg_^_ebfu_we_f_gluZlhfu” Fgh]hh[jZab_ \_s_kl\ h[tykgye kh_^bg_gb_f jZaguo Zlhfh\\ fhe_dmeZob jZaebqgufjZkiheh`_gb_fZlhfh\\ gbo” Ij_^iheZ]Ze qlh g_dhlhju_ fhe_dmeu fh]ml khklhylv bah^bgZdh\uoZlhfh\>Zevg_cr__jZa\blb_wlZl_hjbyihemqbeZ\ ljm^Zo>>ZevlhgZ < ]h^m Zg]ebckdbc obfbd >Zevlhg knhjfmebjh\ZeZlhfbklbq_kdmxl_hjbx” Ml\_j`^Zeqlh\k_\_s_kl\ZkhklhylbaZlhfh\f_evqZcrbog_^_ebfuo qZklbp dhlhju_ g_ fh]ml [ulv gb kha^Zgu gbmgbqlh`_gu<\zeihgylb_Zlhfgh]h\_kZ” >Zevlhg kqblZe qlh \k_ Zlhfu h^gh]h b lh]h `_ we_f_glZkh\_jr_ggh b^_glbqgu gZijbf_j bf_xl h^bgZdh\u_ fZkku” GZ hkgh\_ obfbq_kdbo aZdhgh\ aZdhg djZlguo hlghr_gbcaZdhg wd\b\Ze_glh\ b aZdhg ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z kha^ZeZlhfbklbq_kdmx l_hjbx hkgh\Zggmx gZ dhebq_kl\_gguokhhlghr_gbyo \hagbdZxsbo ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb f_`^mobfbq_kdbfbwe_f_glZfbHkgh\ubkihevamxlky^hkboihjHldjulb_ \ ;; \_d_ bahlhih\ b y^_jguo j_Zdpbc \g_kehbaf_g_gby\ Zlhfbklbq_kdmxl_hjbx>ZevlhgZ<hijhk‹ DZdb_ hiulu \Zf ba\_klgu ba dmjkh\ nbabdb b obfbbih^l\_j`^Zxsb_ ke_^mxsb_ iheh`_gby Z \_s_kl\Z khklhylbafhe_dme [ fhe_dmeuh[jZah\ZguZlhfZfb"Hl\_lZ Baf_g_gb_ nbabq_kdh]h khklhygby \_s_kl\Z ih^l\_j`^Z_lfhe_dmeyjgh_ kljh_gb_ GZijbf_j ^bnnmaby bkiZj_gb_jZkl\hj_gb_\_s_kl\[ :lhfZjgh_ kljh_gb_ fhe_dme ih^l\_j`^Z_l obfbq_kdb_ j_Zdpbbk\yaZggu_k i_j_]jmiibjh\dhcZlhfh\b h[jZah\Zgb_fgh\uofhe_dmeGZijbf_j² h[jZah\Zgb_f_^gh]hdmihjhkZ<hijhk ‹BadmjkZnbabdb\Zfba\_klghy\e_gb_^bnnmabb Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_jub h[tykgbl_wlhy\e_gb_\ k\_l_mq_gbyh fhe_dmeZoHl\_l>bnnmabywlhkihkh[ghklvfhe_dmeZlhfh\qZklbph^gh]h\_s_kl\Z ijhgbdZlv f_`^m fhe_dmeZfb ZlhfZfb qZklbpZfb^jm]h]h\_s_kl\ZH[tykgy_lkyl_fqlhfhe_dmeuZlhfuqZklbpugZoh^ylky\ g_ij_ju\ghf^\b`_gbbb f_`^mgbfbbf_xlky ijhf_`mldb Ijbf_j jZkl\hj_gb_ kheb kZoZjZ \ \h^_Ihemq_gb_kieZ\h\f_lZeeh\JZkl\hj_gb_² qZklguckemqZc^bnnmabb<hijhk‹ Q_fhlebqZxlkyihgylby©Zlhfª b ©fhe_dmeZª"Hl\_lZlhffhe_dmeZ G_ h[eZ^Z_l khklZ\hf b F_evqZcrZy qZklbpZ \_s_k\hckl\Zfb l_o \_s_kl\ \ kh kl\Zh[eZ^ZxsZy_]hkhklZ\hfklZ\dhlhjuo\oh^blb obfbq_kdbfbk\hckl\ZfbObfbq_kdbg_^_ebfObfbq_kdb^_ebfZ:lhfg_h[yaZl_evgh\oh^bl Fhe_dmeZ h[yaZl_evgh kh\ khklZ\fhe_dmeuklhblbaZlhfh\<hijhk‹ DZd mq_gb_ h fhe_dmeZo h[tykgy_l nbabq_kdb_ y\e_gby"Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_juHl\_lMq_gb_ h fhe_dmeZo h[tykgy_l lZdb_ nbabq_kdb_ y\e_gbylZdb_dZddbi_gb_ieZ\e_gb_^bnnmabybkiZj_gb_b l^Ijb\_^_fijbf_jJZkkfhljbflZdh_y\e_gb_dZdjZkl\hj_gb_khebbebkZoZjZ\ \h^_<k_wlb\_s_kl\Zkhklhylbafhe_dmedhlhju_gZoh^ylkygZg_dhlhjhfjZkklhygbb^jm]hl^jm]Zb \ihklhygghfoZhlbq_kdhf^\b`_gbbDh]^Z fhe_dmeu kZoZjZ beb kheb ihiZ^Zxl \ \h^m hgb gZqbgZxlijhgbdZlv\ f_`fhe_dmeyjgu_ijhf_`mldbih^^_ckl\b_f ijbly`_gby fhe_dme \h^u JZkl\hj_gb_ fh`_l ijhbkoh^blv ^h hij_^_ezggh]h ij_^_eZ ihke_ gZkus_gby jZkl\hjZijhp_kkjZkl\hj_gbyij_djZsZ_lky\uiZ^Z_lhkZ^hdIjbih\ur_gbbl_fi_jZlmjufhe_dmeugZqbgZxl^\b]Zlvky[uklj__ m\_ebqb\Z_lky kdhjhklv jZkl\hj_gby b jZkl\hjy_lky[hevr__dhebq_kl\h\_s_kl\Z<hijhk‹ Ihq_fm ^ey h[tykg_gby obfbq_kdbo ij_\jZs_gbc ke_^m_lbkihevah\Zlvihgylb_g_lhevdhh fhe_dmeZo gh bh[ZlhfZo"Hl\_l< oh^_obfbq_kdboj_Zdpbc\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlZlhfufhe_dmeugh\uo\_s_kl\Fhe_dmeZ ² wlh obfbq_kdb ^_ebfZy qZklbpZ \_s_kl\Z ZZlhf g_ baf_gy_lky\ oh^_obfbq_kdboij_\jZs_gbcIhwlhfmijb h[tykg_gbb obfbq_kdbo ij_\jZs_gbc ke_^m_l bkihevah\Zlvihgylbyb hfhe_dmeZob h[ZlhfZo<hijhk‹ GZhkgh\_ij_^klZ\e_gbch[ZlhfZob fhe_dmeZoh[tykgbl_ijhp_kkjZaeh`_gby\h^uHl\_l<h^Zkhklhblbafhe_dmedhlhju_k\yaZguf_`^mkh[hcf_`fhe_dmeyjgufbk\yayfb< khklZ\dZ`^hcfhe_dmeu\h^u\oh^yl^\ZZlhfZ\h^hjh^Zb h^bgZlhfdbkehjh^ZJbkkljIjbijhimkdZgbbihklhyggh]hwe_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZfhe_dmeyjgu_ k\yab jZajmrZxlky \h^Z jZaeZ]Z_lky gZ \h^hjh^ b dbkehjh^\ ljm[d_ijb[hjZk iheh`bl_evghaZjy`_ggufwe_dljh^hfkdZieb\ZxlkyZlhfu dbkehjh^Zijbqzfhgbh[t_^bgyxlky\ ^\moZlhfgmx fhe_dmem dbkehjh^Z :lhfu \h^hjh^Z kdZieb\Zxlky \ ljm[d_ k hljbpZl_evgh aZjy`_gguf we_dljh^hf bh[t_^bgyykv ih ^\Z h[jZamxl ^\moZlhfgmx fhe_dmem \h^hjh^ZlZddZdZlhfh\\h^hjh^Z\ khklZ\_fhe_dmeu\h^u\ ^\ZjZaZ[hevr_lhb ]ZaZihemqZ_lky\ ^\ZjZaZ[hevr_ihh[tzfm<hijhk‹ DZd k ihabpbb Zlhfghfhe_dmeyjgh]h mq_gby h[tykgblvZ bkiZj_gb_\h^u [ jZaeh`_gb_\h^uih^^_ckl\b_fihklhyggh]hwe_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ"Hl\_lZ bkiZj_gb_\h^u² wlhhlju\hl^_evguofhe_dmeh[eZ^Zxsbo gZb[hevr_c kdhjhklvx ^\b`_gby b wg_j]b_c hl hklZevguofhe_dme\h^uIjbgZ]j_\Zgbbkdhjhklv^\b`_gbyfhe_dme\hajZklZ_lb bkiZj_gb_mkbeb\Z_lky[ JZaeh`_gb_ \h^u ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ihklhyggh]h we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ ² wlh obfbq_kdh_ ij_\jZs_gb_ k\yaZggh_ kjZks_ie_gb_ffhe_dmeu\h^ugZZlhfub h[jZah\Zgb_fgh\uofhe_dme² dbkehjh^Zb \h^hjh^Z<hijhk‹ Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju \_s_kl\ k fhe_dmeyjguf b g_fhe_dmeyjgufkljh_gb_f DZdwlb\_s_kl\ZhlebqZxlkyih k\hckl\Zf"Hl\_l<_s_kl\Zk fhe_dmeyjgufkljh_gb_f khklhylbafhe_dmeb\ l\_j^hfkhklhygbb\ maeZobodjbklZeebq_kdhcj_rzldb_keblZdZy_klvlZd`_gZoh^ylkyfhe_dmeuWlb\_s_kl\ZqZs_\k_]h \ ghjfZevghf khklhygbb `b^dhklb beb ]Zau j_`_ l\_j^u_\_s_kl\Zk gbadhcl_fi_jZlmjhcieZ\e_gbyb bkiZj_gby\hkdiZjZnbg`b^dhklb² \h^Zkibjludbkehluwnbjub l^\k_]Zau<_s_kl\Z k g_fhe_dmeyjguf ZlhfZjguf kljh_gb_f \ hkgh\ghfl\zj^u_h[eZ^Zxl\ukhdhcl_fi_jZlmjhcieZ\e_gbybdbi_gby`_e_ahhklZevgu_f_lZeeu<k_ f_lZeeu bf_xl Zlhfgmx djbklZeebq_kdmx j_rzldmwlbfh[tykgy_lkybowe_dljh b l_iehijh\h^bfhklvb f_lZeebq_kdbc[e_kd<hijhk‹H^bg ba hdkb^h\ m]e_jh^Z ba\_klguc \Zf m]e_dbkeuc ]Zai_j_oh^bl \ l\_j^h_ khklhygb_ ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hdheh ²ƒK Z h^bg ba hdkb^h\ dj_fgby ieZ\blky ijb l_fi_jZlmj_hdhehƒK DZdb_\u\h^uh kljh_gb_wlbo\_s_kl\\ l\_j^hfkhklhygbbfh`ghk^_eZlv"Hl\_lBa^Zgguo\hijhkZfh`ghk^_eZlv\u\h^qlhhdkb^m]e_jh^Z\ l\zj^hfkhklhygbbbf__lfhe_dmeyjgh_kljh_gb_Z hdkb^dj_fgby² g_fhe_dmeyjgh_ZlhfZjgh_<hijhk‹ DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z gZau\Zxlky ijhklufb b dZdb_ ² keh`gufb" Ba gb`_ i_j_qbke_gguo gZa\Zgbc \uibrbl_ hl^_evghgZa\Zgbyijhkluob keh`guo\_s_kl\ dbkehjh^ \h^Z jlmlvhdkb^f_^b `_e_ah \h^hjh^ kmevnbl`_e_aZ hdkb^jlmlbHl\_l” ijhklh_ \_s_kl\h ² khklhbl ba Zlhfh\ h^gh]h we_f_glZwlhdbkehjh^jlmlv`_e_ah\h^hjh^” Keh`gh_\_s_kl\h² khklhblbaZlhfh\jZaguowe_f_glh\wlh\h^Zhdkb^f_^bkmevnb^`_e_aZhdkb^jlmlb<hijhkDZd fh`gh ^hdZaZlv qlh dbkehjh^ jlmlv b \h^hjh^ ²ijhklu_\_s_kl\Z Z \h^Zb hdkb^jlmlb² keh`gu_\_s_kl\Z" DZdhiulgufiml_ffh`gh^hdZaZlv qlhkmevnb^`_e_aZ² keh`gh_\_s_kl\h" DZdh\umkeh\by\hagbdgh\_gbyb l_q_gbyj_Zdpbch[jZah\Zgbykmevnb^Z`_e_aZ"Hl\_l” dbkehjh^ jlmlv b \h^hjh^ g_evay jZaeh`blv gZ khklZ\eyxsb_ \_s_kl\Z Ba gbo fh`gh ihemqblv keh`gu_ \_s_kl\Zhdkb^jlmlb\h^m” <h^m ² fh`gh jZaeh`blv ih^ ^_ckl\b_f we_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZgZdbkehjh^b \h^hjh^bebihemqblvbawlbo\_s_kl\” Hdkb^jlmlbfh`ghihemqblvijbhdbke_gbb jlmlbdbkehjh^hf” Kmevnb^ `_e_aZ fh`gh ihemqblv ba k_ju b `_e_aguo hibehd_kebkf_rZlvhibedbk ihjhrdhfZ aZl_fkf_kvgZ]j_lv\ ijh[bjd_^hgZqZeZobfbq_kdhcj_ZdpbbJ_Zdpby\hagbdZ_lijbgZ]j_\Zgbbb l_qzlk \u^_e_gb_fl_iehluIhke_gZqZeZj_Zdpbb gZ]j_\fh`ghij_djZlblv<hijhkQ_fhlebqZxlkyih khklZ\mb k\hckl\Zfkf_kbhlobfbq_kdbokh_^bg_gbc" Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_juHl\_lKf_kbObfbq_kdb_kh_^bg_gbyKhklZ\kf_k_ci_j_f_gguc KhklZ\ obfbq_kdbo kh_^bg_gbcGZijbf_j hibedb b i_khdihklhyggucfh`gh kf_rZlv \ ex[uo dh GZijbf_j ^ey ihemq_gby\h^ug_ebq_kl\Zoh[oh^bfh \aylv \h^hjh^ b dbkehjh^\ khhlghr_gbb <_s_kl\Z \ kf_kb khojZgy <_s_kl\Z h[jZamxsb_ kh_^bg_xlk\hbk\hckl\Zgby k\hb k\hckl\Z g_ khojZgyxl² dbkehjh^b \h^hjh^]Zau lZd dZd ihemqZ_lky obfbq_kdh_ kh² dbkehjh^ ih^^_j`b\Z_l_^bg_gb_k ^jm]bfbk\hckl\Zfb]hj_gb_ \ Zlfhkn_j_ dbkeh ² \h^Z ² `b^dhklv [eZ]h^Zjyjh^ZemqbgdZ\kiuob\Z_ldhlhjhcfh`ghihlmrblvh]hgv² `_e_ah ijbly]b\Z_lky ² hdkb^ `_e_aZ g_ ijbly]b\Z_lkyfZ]gblhffZ]gblhf<hijhk‹ Qlh gZau\Z_lky obfbq_kdbf we_f_glhf" Ihq_fm g_evayhlh`^_kl\eylv ihgylby ©obfbq_kdbc we_f_glª ©ijhklh_\_s_kl\hª ©Zlhfª"Hl\_lObfbq_kdbc we_f_gl ² wlh \k_wlZfuhij_^_ezggh]h\b^ZObfbq_kdb_we_f_glu\oh^yl\ khklZ\ ijhkluob keh`guo\_s_kl\ gh hgb g_ h[eZ^Zxl nbabq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb wlbo \_s_kl\Ijhklu_\_s_kl\Z khklhylbaZlhfh\ h^gh]hobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZl_Zlhfh\h^gh]hlbiZIjhklu_\_s_kl\Zh[eZ^Zxl nbabq_kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb Fh]ml gZoh^blvky \ l\_j^hf`b^dhf]Zahh[jZaghfkhklhygbb:lhf ² wlhf_evqZcrZyobfbq_kdbg_^_ebfZyqZklbpZ\_s_kl\Z :lhfu fh]ml [ulv jZaguo \b^h\ b h[eZ^Zxl hij_^_ezggufbk\hckl\Zfbobfbq_kdbcwe_f_glg_h[eZ^Z_lk\hckl\ZfbZlhfh\Klj<hijhk‹ Ijb jZaeh`_gbb h^gh]h keh`gh]h \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxlkyhdkb^ f_^b b \h^Z DZdb_ obfbq_kdb_ we_f_glu \oh^yl \ khklZ\wlh]h\_s_kl\Z"Hl\_l< khklZ\wlh]h\_s_kl\Z\oh^ylf_^vdbkehjh^\h^hjh^<hijhk‹ Qlh gZau\Z_lky fZkkhc ZlhfZ b \ dZdbo _^bgbpZo hgZ baf_jy_lky" Hij_^_ebl_ \h kdhevdh jZa fZkkZ ZlhfZ k_ju[hevr_fZkkuZlhfZ\h^hjh^Zb fZkkuZlhfZdbkehjh^ZHl\_lFZkkZZlhfZbaf_jy_lky\ Zlhfguo_^bgbpZofZkku:lhfgZy_^bgbpZfZkkuwlh fZkkuZlhfZm]e_jh^ZP$6 Z_ffZkkZZlhfZk_juP$G Z_ffZkkZZlhfZ\h^hjh^ZP$2 Z_ffZkkZZlhfZdbkehjh^ZagZqblfZkkZZlhfZk_ju\ jZaZ[hevr_fZkkuZlhfZ\h^hjh^Zb \jZaZ[hevr_fZkkuZlhfZdbkehjh^Z<hijhk‹ Fh]mleb\ khklZ\dZdhceb[hfhe_dmeu\oh^blvke_^mxsb_fZkkudbkehjh^Zb k_ju Z Z_f [ Z_f \ Z_f ] Z_f" >Zcl_h[tykg_gbyHl\_l” g_fh]ml \oh^blv\ khklZ\fhe_dmeuke_^mxsb_fZkkudbkehjh^Zb k_juZ_fZ_fLZddZd\ khklZ\fhe_dmeufh]ml\oh^blvlhevdhp_eu_ZlhfuagZqblZlhfgu_fZkku\oh^ysbo\ khklZ\fhe_dmeZlhfh\^he`gu[ulvdjZlgulb\ kemqZ_dbkehjh^Zbebf \kemqZ_k_jub g_^_eylkygZbebk ihemq_gb_fp_euoqbk_e” Fh]ml \oh^blv\ khklZ\fhe_dmeuZlhfgu_fZkkudjZlgu_lb² Z_fb Z_f\ kemqZ_dbkehjh^ZdjZlgu_f ² Z_f\ kemqZ_k_ju<hijhk‹ Qlhh[hagZqZ_lobfbq_kdbcagZdbebkbf\he" QlhgZau\Z_lkydhwnnbpb_glhf" GZq_jlbl_\ l_ljZ^yolZ[ebpmb \ibrbl_\ g__ih mdZaZgghfmgb`_h[jZapmke_^mxsb_aZibkb &+2+&X6)HHl\_l” Obfbq_kdbcagZd bebkbf\heh[hagZqZ_lgZa\Zgb_we_f_glZwlh[md\ueZlbgkdbogZa\Zgbcwe_f_glh\gZqZevgZybebgZqZevgZyb h^gZbaihke_^mxsbo” Dhwnnbpb_glhf gZau\Z_lkypbnjZdhlhjZyklZ\blkyi_j_^obfbq_kdbf agZdhf ^ey h[hagZq_gby dhebq_kl\Z Zlhfh\^Zggh]hwe_f_glZObfbq_kdbcagZdobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZb dhwnnbpb_glKGGKX6)HGZa\Zgb_ QbkehZlhfh\FZkkZobfbq_kdh ^Zggh]hobfbq_ \ Z_f]hwe_f_g kdh]hwe_f_glZlZM]e_jh^ ˜ <h^hjh^ ˜ Dbkehjh^ ˜ <h^hjh^ ˜ F_^v ˜ K_jZ ˜ @_e_ah ˜ <hijhk‹ GZibrbl_obfbq_kdb_agZdbke_^mxsbowe_f_glh\ Zexfbgby dZevpby dj_fgby b nhknhjZ Ihykgbl_ qlh hgb h[hagZqZxlHl\_l:² h^bgZlhfZexfbgbyZexfbgbcKZ² h^bgZlhfdZevpbydZevpbc6L² h^bgZlhfdj_fgbykbebpbmfJ ² h^bgZlhfnhknhjZIwAZ^Zqbd ††klj<hijhk‹ H[tykgbl_j_Zdpbxkh_^bg_gby`_e_aZk k_jhc\ k\_l_mq_gbyh[ZlhfZo Ihq_fmwlbwe_f_glukh_^bgyxlky\ fZkkh\uohlghr_gbyo"Hl\_lBf__l j_Zdpbx )H6 )H6 AgZqbl \ kmevnb^_ `_e_aZ gZh^bgZlhf`_e_aZijboh^blkyh^bgZlhfk_ju:lhfgu_ fZkku$U)H D$U6 >eylh]hqlh[ugZclbfZkkh\u_hlghr_gbywlbowe_f_glh\g_h[oh^bfhkhklZ\blvhlghr_gb_$U)H$U6l_ijbh^bgZdh\uodhebq_kl\ZoZlhfh\`_e_aZb k_jubofZkku[m^mlkhhlghkblvkydZd<hijhk‹ Ba\_klgh \_s_kl\h \ dhlhjhfgZ ZlhfZf_^bijboh^blky Zlhf k_ju < dZdbo fZkkh\uo hlghr_gbyo gm`gh \aylvf_^vb k_jm qlh[uh[Z\_s_kl\Ziheghklvx\klmibeb\ j_Zdpbx"J_r_gb_>Zgh\_s_kl\Z±KX² ^\ZZlhfZf_^b6² h^bgZlhfk_jufZkkh\u_hlghr_gbyf_^bb k_ju$U&X $UKX ˜ $U6 :] K X$U6 Hl\_l>eyihegh]h\klmie_gbyf_^bb k_ju\ j_ZdpbxbogZ^h\aylv\ khhlghr_gbb<hijhk‹ D_f b dh]^Z [ue hldjul aZdhg ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z">Zcl_hij_^_e_gb_b ihykgbl_kmsghklv wlh]haZdhgZk lhqdbaj_gbymq_gbyh[ZlhfZoHl\_lAZdhg ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z \_s_kl\ [ue hldjul njZgpmakdbfmqzguf@Ijmklhf\ ]Hgnhjfmebjm_lkyke_^mxsbfh[jZahf² dZ`^h_obfbq_kdbqbklh_\_s_kl\hg_aZ\bkbfhhlf_klZgZoh`^_gbyb kihkh[Zihemq_gbybf__lh^bgb lhl`_ihklhygguckhklZ\Obfbq_kdh_ \_s_kl\h fh`gh ihemqblv jZaebqgufb kihkh[Zfb ^ey h^gh]h b lh]h `_ \_s_kl\Z kihkh[h\ ihemq_gby fh`_l[ulvg_kdhevdhghg_aZ\bkbfhhlkihkh[Zihemq_gby\ _]hkhklZ\[m^_l\oh^blvhij_^_ezggh_qbkehZlhfh\hij_^_ezgguowe_f_glh\b hgh[m^_lh[eZ^Zlvhij_^_e_ggufbobfbq_kdbfbb nbabq_kdbfbk\hckl\ZfbGZijbf_j\h^Z\k_]^Z[m^_lkhklhylvbaZlhfh\\h^hjh^Zbdbkehjh^Z\ khhlghr_gbbbf_gghlZdhc_H± khklZ\hij_^_ey_l^Zevg_crb_k\hckl\Z<hijhk‹ <h^hjh^kh_^bgy_lkyk k_jhc\ fZkkh\uohlghr_gbyoBkihevamy ^Zggu_ h[ hlghkbl_evguo Zlhfguo fZkkZo wlbowe_f_glh\ \u\_^bl_ obfbq_kdmx nhjfmem k_jh\h^hjh^Z DZdh_agZq_gb_bf__laZdhgihklhygkl\ZkhklZ\Z\_s_kl\Z^ey\u\_^_gbyobfbq_kdbonhjfme"J_r_gb_Ba aZdhgZ ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z \_s_kl\ fu agZ_f qlh obfbq_kdb qbklh_ \_s_kl\h \k_]^Z bf__l h^bg b lhl `_ khklZ\hljZ`zgguc\ obfbq_kdhcnhjfme_agZyfZkkh\u_hlghr_gbywe_f_glh\ b bo hlghkbl_evgu_ Zlhfgu_fZkkufufh`_f\u\_klbobfbq_kdmxnhjfmem\_s_kl\Z>ZghP + P6fZkqfZkqG[6\"$U+ $U6 fq\h^hjh^Z² fqk_juo fq\h^hjh^Z² fqk_juoofq\h^hjh^ZlZddZdqbkehZlhfh\+ p_eh_Ke_^h\Zl_evgh gZ Zlhf k_ju ijboh^blky ZlhfZ \h^hjh^ZHl\_l+6<hijhk‹ Ijbf_gyyk\_^_gbyh[hlghkbl_evguoZlhfguofZkkZoobfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ khklZ\vl_ obfbq_kdmx nhjfmem kmevnZlZf_^b _kebfZkkh\u_hlghr_gby\ g_cf_^b k_jub dbkehjh^Zkhhl\_lkl\_gghjZ\guJ_r_gb_>ZghP&XP6P2&X[6\2] ² "$UKX $U6 $U2 fqKX² fq6fqKX² o fq6 ˜ [fq k_juo m AgZqbl \ khklZ\ kmevnZlZ f_^b\oh^blh^bgZlhff_^bb h^bgZlhfk_jufqKX² fq2fqKX² o fq2 ˜ ofqdbkehjh^Z]< kmevnZl_f_^bZlhfZdbkehjh^ZHl\_l&X62<hijhk‹ DZdh_ijZdlbq_kdh_agZq_gb_bf__laZdhgihklhygkl\ZkhklZ\Z\_s_kl\Z"Hl\_lAZdhg ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z \_s_kl\Z iha\hey_l \u\h^blvobfbq_kdb_nhjfmeu\_s_kl\<hijhk‹ QlhihdZau\Z_lobfbq_kdZynhjfmeZ" Ijb\_^bl_ijbf_juHl\_lObfbq_kdZynhjfmeZihdZau\Z_lZlhfudZdbowe_f_glh\b \dZdhfdhebq_kl\_\oh^yl\ khklZ\\_s_kl\ZGZijbf_j+62 ² q_luj_fhe_dmeuk_jghcdbkehlu< khklZ\fhe_dmeu \oh^yl ^\Z ZlhfZ \h^hjh^Z h^bg Zlhf k_ju b q_luj_ZlhfZdbkehjh^Z<hijhk‹ Fh`gh eb \ujZablv fZkku kmevnb^Z`_e_aZ\ Z_f ke_^mxsbfbqbkeZfb Z[\]" Ihq_fm"Hl\_l0U)H6 :lhfgZyfZkkZkmevnb^Z`_e_aZlhevdhdjZlgZ\ aZ\bkbfhklb hl lh]h kdhevdh fhe_dme \_s_kl\Z \aylv Lh]^Z fZkku)H6fh`gh\ujZablvlhevdhqbkeZfb[Z_f² fhe_dmeu)H6b]Z_f² fhe_dmeu)H6<hijhk‹ GZibrbzl_ obfbq_kdb_ nhjfmeu \_s_kl\ _keb ba\_klghqlh \ khklZ\ bo \oh^yl Z Zlhf `_e_aZ b ljbZlhfZoehjZ[ ^\ZZlhfZZexfbgbyb ljbZlhfZdbkehjh^Z \ ZlhfdZevpby Zlhfm]e_jh^Zb ljbZlhfZdbkehjh^Z <uqbkebl_hlghkbl_evgu_fhe_dmeyjgu_fZkku^Zgguo\_s_kl\Hl\_lZOehjb^`_e_aZ)H&O0U)H&O ˜ [Hdkb^Zexfbgby:HFU:OH ˜ ˜ \DZj[hgZldZevpby&D&20U &D&2 ˜ <hijhk‹ <uqbkebl_ fZkkh\u_ ^heb we_f_glh\ \ ijhp_glZo ih nhjfmeZf &X62 ² kmevnZl f_^b )H2 ² hdkb^ `_e_aZ+12 ² ZahlgZydbkehlZJ_r_gb_ >Zgh &X62:&X² ":6² ":2² ":] &X62 ˜ ˜ :6˜ :2˜ :&XHl\_l:KX :6 :2 >Zgh)_2:)_² ":2² "0U)H2 ˜ ˜ ˜ :2˜ :)HHl\_l :)H :2 >Zgh+12:+² ":1² ":2² "0U+12 ˜ ˜ :1˜ :2˜ :+Hl\_l:G² :1 :2 <hijhk‹ Ihh[jZapm ijb\_^_gghfmgZk mq_[gbdZ ihykgbl_ qlhh[hagZqZxlobfbq_kdb_nhjfmeu+J22++62&X2Hl\_lObfbq_kdZynhjfmeZ \_HG+J2s_kl\ZGZa\Zgb_ \_ hdkb^jlmlbdbkehjh^\h^hjh^s_kl\ZH^gZfhe_dmeZh^gZ fhe_dmeZh^gZ fhe_dmeZh^gZ fhe_dmeZ^Zggh]h \_s_ hdkb^Zjlmlb dbkehjh^Z\h^hjh^Zkl\ZDZq_kl\_gguc \ khklZ\ hdkb \ khklZ\ dbkeh \ khklZ\ \h^hkhklZ\ ba dZ ^Z jlmlb \oh jh^Z\oh^bljh^Z\oh^bldbo obfbq_ ^yl we_f_gluwe_f_gl dbkeh we_f_gl \h^hkdbo we_f_g dbkehjh^b jh^Hjh^+lh\^Zggh_jlmlv\_s_kl\h kh 2b +JklhblObfbq_kdZyHG+J2nhjfmeZ \_s_kl\ZDhebq_kl\_g h^bgZlhfjlm ^\Z ZlhfZ db ^\Z ZlhfZ \hguckhklZ\lb +J b h^bgkehjh^Z2^hjh^ZGZlhf dbkehjh^Z2P+JP2 FU2FUG2lghkbl_evgZy 0U+J2fhe_dmeyjgZy ˜ ˜ fZkkZDhebq_kl\h fhev fhe_ fhevfhe_dmefhevfhe_dme\_s_kl\Zdmehdkb^Zdbkehjh^Z\h^hjh^ZjlmlbFheyjgZyfZkkZ]fhev]fhev]fhevObfbq_kdZy nhjfm+62&X2eZ\_s_kl\ZGZa\Zgb_\_s_kl\Z k_jgZydbkehlZhdkb^f_^bH^gZ fhe_dmeZ ^Zg h^gZ fhe_dmeZ k_j h^gZ fhe_dmeZ hdgh]h\_s_kl\Zghcdbkehlukb^Zf_^bDZq_kl\_gguc kh \ khklZ\ k_jghc db \ khklZ\hdkb^ZjlmklZ\ ba dZdbo ob kehlu\oh^yllb \oh^yl we_f_glufbq_kdbo we_f_glh\we_f_glu \h^hjh^f_^v KX b dbkeh^Zggh_\_s_kl\hkh G k_jZ 6 b db jh^2klhblkehjh^2Dhebq_kl\_gguc kh ^\Z ZlhfZ \h^hjh^Zh^bgZlhff_^bKXklZ\Gh^bgZlhfk_ju6b h^bg Zlhf dbkehb q_luj_ ZlhfZ db jh^Z2kehjh^Z2P&XP2P+P6P2 FUKXH2lghkbl_evgZy fh 0U+62e_dmeyjgZyfZkkZ˜ Obfbq_kdZy nhjfm+62&X2eZ\_s_kl\ZDhebq_kl\h \_s_kl fhevfhe_dmek_j fhev fhe_dme hd\Zghcdbkehlukb^Zf_^bFheyjgZyfZkkZ]fhev]fhev<hijhk‹ QlhhagZqZxlaZibkb+++J2)H6+62"Hl\_lZG ² q_luj_ZlhfZ\h^hjh^Z[G ² ^\_fhe_dmeu\h^hjh^Z\GJ2² h^gZfhe_dmeZhdkb^Zjlmlb])_6² iylvfhe_dmekmevnb^Z`_e_aZ^G62 ljbfhe_dmeuk_jghcdbkehluAZ^Zqbd ††klj<hijhk‹ QlhlZdh_\Ze_glghklvobfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\" Ihykgbl_wlhgZdhgdj_lguoijbf_jZoHl\_l<Ze_glghklv² wlhk\hckl\hZlhfh\obfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZijbkh_^bgylv hij_^_ezggh_ qbkeh Zlhfh\ ^jm]bo obfbq_kdbowe_f_glh\AZ \Ze_glghklv obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\ fh`gh ijbgylv qbkeh ihdZau\Zxs__ kdhevdh Zlhfh\ \h^hjh^Z fh`_l ijbkh_^bgblvd k_[_Zlhf^Zggh]hwe_f_glZGZijbf_j,+,,² \Ze_glghklvk_jujZ\gZ^\mf6<Ze_glghklv we_f_glh\ hij_^_eyxl lZd`_ ih dbkehjh^mdhlhjuch[uqgh^\mo\Ze_gl_gGZijbf_j,9jZ\gZq_lujzf6,,2² \ wlhf kh_^bg_gbb \Ze_glghklv k_ju<hijhk‹ Ihq_fm\Ze_glghklv\h^hjh^ZijbgylZaZ_^bgbpm"Hl\_l:lhf\h^hjh^Zg_fh`_lijbkh_^bgblv[he__h^gh]hZlhfZ^jm]h]hwe_f_glZLZdbfh[jZahf_]hm^h[ghijbgylvaZ_^bgbpm<hijhk‹ < j_Zdpbb `_e_aZ k kheyghc dbkehlhc h^bg Zlhf f_lZeeZ\ul_kgy_l ^\Z ZlhfZ \h^hjh^Z DZd wlh fh`gh h[tykgblvihevamykvihgylb_fh \Ze_glghklb"Hl\_l< \b^mlh]hqlh\h^hjh^h^gh\Ze_gl_goehjh^gh\Ze_gl_gZ `_e_ah \ wlhc j_Zdpbb ² ^\mo\Ze_glgh agZqbl fh`_l ijbkh_^bgblv d k_[_ ^\Z ZlhfZ oehjZ b \ul_kgblv ba kheyghc dbkehlu^\ZZlhfZ\h^hjh^Z)_GK )_&OG<<hijhk‹ Hij_^_ebl_ \Ze_glghklv we_f_glh\ ih nhjfmeZf +J2.6 %2 =Q2 0Q2 1L2 &X2 6Q2 1L2 62 $V2&O2Hl\_l< kmevnb^_dZeby.6 \Ze_glghklvdZebyihklhyggZb jZ\gZ \h \k_o hdkb^Zo kh_^bg_gbyo we_f_glh\ k dbkehjh^hf \Ze_glghklv dbkehjh^Z ihklhyggZ b jZ\gZ GZibr_f gZ^ nhjfmeZfbba\_klgu_\Ze_glghklb,,,,,,,,,,,+J 2 .

Характеристики

Тип файла PDF

PDF-формат наиболее широко используется для просмотра любого типа файлов на любом устройстве. В него можно сохранить документ, таблицы, презентацию, текст, чертежи, вычисления, графики и всё остальное, что можно показать на экране любого устройства. Именно его лучше всего использовать для печати.

Например, если Вам нужно распечатать чертёж из автокада, Вы сохраните чертёж на флешку, но будет ли автокад в пункте печати? А если будет, то нужная версия с нужными библиотеками? Именно для этого и нужен формат PDF - в нём точно будет показано верно вне зависимости от того, в какой программе создали PDF-файл и есть ли нужная программа для его просмотра.

Список файлов книги