ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ (956018), страница 42

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Notes to the Text

1. off-planet extension — внепланетное продолжение

2. Lego set — конструктор Л его

3. is awesome — поражает, внушает благоговение, трепет

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 8. Определите различные функции глагола should, переведите.

1. It should be said that the importance of Mars studies is ac­knowledged by all. 2. Reliability of every vehicle should be paid great attention to during the production process. 3. It is required that an airplane should be well balanced dynamically. 4. Should there be even a small deviation (отклонение) in the velocity, the space vehicle would pass the planet. 5. K.E. Tsiolkovsky suggested that man-made rockets for the future space flights should use liquid-propellant engines. 6. We were told that we should take part in the discussion. 7. One should not forget that electricity is the most important source of energy at present.

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Упражнение 9. Определите различные функции глагола would, переведите.

1. Halley predicted that the comet would appear at regular in­tervals of 75 years. 2. If you were on the first manned space station your task would be to study the stars and planets including Earth. 3. Some materials cooled to proper temperature would conduct electricity practically without any resistance. 4. In the future it may be possible to build a dirigible with a metal hull that would carry hundreds of passengers round the world. 5. In 1883 Tsiolkovsky wrote that rocket would be the only means able to reach outer space. 6. Popov would make his experiments with radio although the government was not interested in the work. 7. We tried to start the car, but it would not go. 8. We know that a body in motion would continue to travel in a straight line unless some force were applied. 9. Without gravity we would not be able to walk in an up­right position. 10. Non-equatorial regions of Mars would be diffi­cult and expensive to reach and explore.

Упражнение 10. Найдите предложения, где should является модальным глаголом и где глаголы would, could и might выражают сослагательное накло­нение.

1. It is essential that international cooperation should be as pro­ductive as possible. 2. Research and technology should provide the basis for a better life. 3. Military uses of a space station could com­plicate international cooperation since there are several neutral countries among the participants. 4. It is desirable that interna­tional space cooperation should give significant economic advan­tage for the countries involved. 5. NASA agreed that Canada would develop a remote manipulation system for the space Shuttle. 6. It should be pointed out that Japan space programmes are based on close government-industry cooperation. 7. The craft to be launched would essentially be used as a service module for space stations. 8. Typical missions of a new system might include the as­sembly of space structures. 9. Exploring Phobos would be a difficult problem because of its small gravity field. If an astronaut threw a stone right ahead, it would orbit the entire moon and hit him in the back of the head. 10. Such a vehicle could be operational by the be­ginning of the next century. 11. One should know that the broader the basis for utilizing a space station is, the better the prospects for economic efficiency of developing it are. 12. After the Challenger tragedy the military experts insisted that a new Shuttle should be built. 13. It was reported that the appearance of photon computers could be expected.

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Упражнение 11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особен­ности страдательного залога.

1. In mechanics the study of kinematics is followed by the study of dynamics. 2. A gas may be looked upon as the vapour of a liquid with a very low boiling point or very great vapour pressure. 3. Lead is very slightly acted upon by the oxygen of the air. 4. The works of Tsiolkovsky were followed by a number of very important works in the field of astronautics. 5. The production of special metallurgi­cal alloys is seldom influenced by gravity. 6. This article describes design characteristics which are followed by the description of the results of the experiments. This description is followed by a discus­sion of nontechnical aspects of the lunar programme proposed.

Упражнение 12. Переведите предложения с глаголом to result с различны­ми предлогами.

1. It is well known that automation results in higher labour pro­ductivity. 2. The first manned space flight has resulted from the great achievements in Russian science. 3. This experiment resulted in the discovery of several new properties of the composite mate­rial, 4. A release of atomic energy results from a very complex pro­cess. 5. World War II resulted in the victory of the USSR, the US and Great Britain. 6. Such experiments usually result in obtaining new information. 7. The motion of an electron results from a force acting upon it. 8. The growing intensity of air traffic has resulted in the automation of its control. 9. Newton's famous work «Principia» resulted from 40 years of experimental work.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 13. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.

gravity, peaceful, permanent, consequence, subatomic, domi­nant, relative, relativity, flexible, apparently, celebrity, novelty, connection, complicate, desirable, significant, utilize, pressure, fa­mous, involvement, significance, weightlessness, eaten, recorder, supression, useless, dense, density, depth, damage, shorten.

Упражнение 14. Образуйте существительные от слов.

appear, explore, prepare, prior, important, implement, transit, propose, create, lighten, encode, structural, useful, discuss, grow, store, differ, electronic.

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Упражнение 15. Найдите:

а) синонимы

spacecraft, to call, artificial, significance, area, man-made, satellite, purpose, complicated, importance, space vehicle, ex­plorer, aim, to guide, to offer, researcher, investigation, to incor­porate, sophisticated, to propose, to determine, exploration, to define, to gather, to control, to collect, to name, to include, dis­trict, moon;

б) антонимы

special, upper, unmanned, natural, last, manned, unequal, conventional, distant, first, lower, civil, equal, inefficient, military, near, efficient, artificial.

Упражнение 16. Переведите предложения с глаголом to involve и его про­изводными.

1. NASA began looking for the way to involve other countries in its post-Apollo space programme. 2. International involvement in the space programme raises a number of questions. 3. The interna­tional programme has involved Russia, Canada, Japan and some de­veloping countries, as well as both individual European countries and various European space organizations. 4. There exists a clear trend towards increased international involvement in those uses of space which could be economically beneficial. 5. The aim of the experiment involving dogs, monkeys and other animals aboard Kosmos satellite was to study the way zero gravitation affects the living organisms. 6. An efficient radiator is capable of warming a large room, the process involved is called convection. 7. Work with computers and other sophisticated electronic devices involves two different types of construction: hardware and software.

Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функ­ции слова only.

1. You are the only person who could help us in solving this problem. 2. The International Academy of Astronautics including nearly one thousand scientists and engineers from 50 countries is the only organization which can plan technical efforts on an inter­national scale. 3. Only through cooperation on a world-wide scale could space technology be improved. 4. Effective communication across national borders appeared to be the only way for space sci­ence to develop successfully.

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Упражнение 18. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в страдательном залоге, пе­реведите.

Dolly Madison was born in South Carolina while her parents were visiting there. She was soon taken to Virginia where she was educated. She was taught by her Quaker parents to say «thee» and «thou» for «you». Dolly was married to John Payne who died a short time afterwards from yellow fever. Several years later she was married to James Madison, a brilliant lawyer. When Thomas Jef­ferson was elected President of the US, James Madison became Secretary of State. Mr. Jefferson was a widower, so Dolly was often invited to preside at the White House. When James Madison was elected president, Mrs. Madison was the hostess of the White House on all occasions. People from everywhere were impressed with her sincerity and her love for humanity.

Упражнение 19. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их. beaten, steal, carrying out, learnt, ate, slept, fly.

Упражнение 20. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.

Exploration experts suggest that the tiny moon Phobos should be used as a perfect place for gas refilling station. Some scientists think Phobos rocks to contain crystalline ice. If one heats them, it will be possible to produce water. The latter could be divided into hydrogen and oxygen which are necessary components for rocket propulsion. Such a fuel supply would greatly reduce the amount of weight that must be delivered from the Earth for manned missions to Mars. Thus, it might be possible for spacecrafts to leave the Earth for Mars carrying no return fuel. To get home, they should simply fill up at Phobos.

CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is the ISS? (the most complex and expensive structure in space and research facility orbiting the Earth) 2. What will it look like when completed? (a supersize Lego set, almost as long as a football field) 3. What is its size compared with Russian-built Mir space station? (five times the Mir station size) 4. What modules is it expected to consist of? (36 modules) 5. How many countries are in­volved in the project? (16 countries) 6. What methodology is being

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used to build the ISS? (the same methodology as for Mir but on a larger scale) 7. What is the purpose of the ISS? (to promote inter­national cooperation and create peacetime jobs for highly skilled workers and engineers)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. The Russians and Ameri­cans are equal partners

2. It is suggested that

1. It is very important

2. The multi-national crew will occupy

3. Space experts expect

4. The cost of the station is likely

5. The ISS is more

1. to be more than $40 billion.

2. that all individual elements coming from different suppliers all over the world should fit together properly.

3. Russia deliver 12 key modules for the station.

4. the official life of the station to be 10 years.

1. the station and stay on it up to 187 days.

2. than merely the next great adven­ture of the space age: it is a political program as well as a science program.

3. in the implementation of this mas­sive engineering project weighing 400 tons.

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

Satellites

Peter: Hello, Ann. How did you happen to come to California?

Ann.: Hello, Peter. How are you? My father got a job here. It is so exciting to meet you here. I've not seen you since you gradu­ated from the University.

P.: I'm working on a newspaper. I cover the space research prob­lems. Now I study the application of space satellites for scien­tific purposes.

A.: I think that the best application of satellites is for military pur­poses.

P.: You are absolutely wrong. The most promising field of appli­cation of satellites is the scientific one.

A.: Oh, Yes, I know satellites look down on everything: the clouds, forests and oceans, the winds, ice on the sea. But don't forget spy (шпион) satellites.

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P.: Spy and weather satellites gather data for forecasting. The Japanese have a satellite studying the ocean; European and Russian satellites produce radar images of the ground; an American satellite is studying the upper atmosphere.

A.: It seems to me that the era of satellites has passed. You see, the Japanese have already delayed the launch of their earth observing mission.

P.: Yes, they did, because of cost. The most effective way to

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