ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ (956018), страница 38
Текст из файла (страница 38)
e. difficulties, differences
Упражнение 5. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.
| Verb | Noun | Adjective |
| identify | • • • | ... |
| amplify | idealization | vaporous |
| variety | strong limitless | |
| treat | precision | — |
Упражнение 6. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему: «Laser applications».
В. Speak about:
Laser as a means of propulsion.
213
LESSON 11
Сложное подлежащее и сложное дополнение Значение слов either, neither и их сочетаний
Text 11A. Superconductivity
Text 11В.
Text ПС. New Hope for Energy
Text 11D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения со сложным дополнением.
1. We know Morse to have been a painter by profession. 2. Scientists expect lasers to solve the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. 3. M. Faraday supposed a beam of light to reverse its polarization as it passed through a magnetized crystal. 4. Designers expect dirigibles to be used for exploration of new territories. 5. Japanese designers believe a new ceramic engine to replace the conventional one. 6 Engineers suppose a new «night vision» system to enable drivers to see better after dark. 7. Scientists believe new laser devices to be widely used in medicine. 8. We know the first digital optical disks to have been produced as disks for music. 9. They believed him to be capable.
Упражнение 2. Найдите инфинитив в предложениях, переведите.
А. 1. Hundreds of radio navigation stations watch the airplanes find their destination and land safely. 2. Twice a year people see birds fly south and north, but we don't know how they find their way. 3. At the Paris Exhibition people watched the cargo airplane «Ruslan» carry a great amount of cargo. 4. When you stand near a working engine you feel it vibrate. 5. Making experiments with electric telegraph Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when
214
connected to an electric wire. 6. Nowadays people watch on television cosmonauts work in space, «Lunokhod» move on the surface of the Moon and Olympic games take place on the other side of the globe.
B. 1. A force applied to a body causes it to move in a straight line. 2. The unsatisfactory results of Bell's experiments forced him to change the method of testing. 3. The excellent properties of Damascus steel made metallurgists of the whole world look for the lost secret of the steel. 4. Very high temperatures often cause certain materials to break. 5. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to automatic control.
Упражнение З. Обратите внимание на инфинитивный оборот, состоящий из предлога for, дополнения и инфинитива.
1. It was the only thing for us to do. 2. The students were waiting for the lecturer to describe the properties of a new composite material. 3. It is for you to decide which of the two methods to use. 4. It is necessary for the students to know the properties of various alloys. 5. A system of satellites is provided for people to watch the central TV program.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения со сложным подлежащим.
A. 1. Students of Cambridge are supposed to wear gowns at lec
tures. 2. The first pocket-size colour television sets were reported to
have been developed. 3. Today's aircraft is expected to be replaced
by a new model of hypersonic aircraft in a few years. 4. Intensive
research on optical-electronic computer is said to be going on in a
number of US companies. 5. A method for recording information
on crystal by means of a laser is known to have been developed by a
Russian researcher. 6. The annual output of personal computers is
expected to reach millions in the near future. 7. The laser is known
to be a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifying
radiation. 8. Optical technology has been found to be cost-effec
tive. 9. The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported to have
been produced.
B. 1. Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible without
telephone, radio, and television. 2. Nowadays the principle of radio
operation seems to be quite simple. 3. The term «radar» is known to
be composed of the first letters of «radio, detection and ranging». It
happens to reflect its basic principle, that is, the location of an ob
ject at a distance. 4. About 50 per cent of Lake Baikal water proved
to have been polluted since the Baikal plant has begun its work.
215
5. Lasers appeared to be highly useful for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction and communication. 6. A system of Earth satellites appears to have solved the problem of transmitting the central TV program to any part of the world. 7. Electricity proved to be able to travel instantly over a long piece of wire.
С 1. Dirigibles are likely to be used for taking tourists to distant and beautiful places. 2. Lasers are unlikely to be used in our everyday life soon. 3. Superconductivity is certain to bring about new discoveries in science and technology.
Упражнение 5. Прочитайте, запомните выделенные слова.
Do you know what the words either and neither mean?
Yes, I do. Either means каждый, любой, любой из двух, while
neither stands for ни один, ни один (из).
That's correct. Can you give examples?
Yes I can. For example: There is a number of lecture rooms on either side of the corridor. Which of these dictionaries can be used for translating a technical article? You may use either. And in what way is either translated when it is used with or? For instance: «Please, bring some dictionaries either from the library or from the reading room.» Either ... or... means либо ... либо, или ... или. Now let us speak about neither, it is the negative form of either, meaning ни тот ... ни другой. For instance: I was offered two books, but I took neither of them, as I did not like them. And neither connected with nor means ни ... ни, for example: These problems seemed difficult neither to my friend, nor to me. Are these words used in any other way?
Yes, they may be used in short negative sentences such as: «I don't like this book», said Peter. «Neither do I», said Ann, which means мне тоже (не нравится). I shall not go to the library tomorrow. He won't go either. Он тоже (не пойдет).
Упражнение 6. Переведите, обращая внимание на разные значения слов тоге и much.
1. One more present-day complicated problem to be solved is that of combining laser and thermonuclear reaction to produce a practically limitless source of energy. 2. A Japanese company is planning to install several more electronic devices on the car instrument panel. 3. The Voice Warning System is one more electronic device. 4. If you make half-hour breaks while getting ready for your exams, your brain will work much more efficiently.
216
5. Aerodynamics is one more problem to be taken into consideration when designing a hypersonic craft. 6. The wheel-computerized system is much more efficient than those used previously. 7. Cryogenic fuels used both as coolant and propellant make the solution of the superliner surface cooling problem much easier to solve. 8. The fact that dirigibles are much larger in size and their staying power is much longer than those of an aircraft makes them ideally suited for exploration.
Упражнение 7. Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.
the physics discoveries, discoveries that led to, the scientific advantage, advantage could well come to nation, to bring the mankind to, mercury wire, unexpected phenomenon, to return to normal state, by passing electric current, by applying magnetic field, to make a great contribution, they introduced a model, a model proved to be useful, a theory won for them the Nobel Prize, research in superconductivity, research became especially active, the achieved record of 23 K.
исследования особенно активизировались; исследования в области сверхпроводимости; теория, за которую они получили Нобелевскую премию; привести человечество к ...; преимущество в науке; открытия в области физики; достигнутая рекордная отметка в 23 К; открытия, которые привели к...; преимущество могла бы получить нация (страна); ртутная проволока; вернуться в обычное состояние; пропуская электрический ток; внести большой вклад; неожиданное явление; они предложили (ввели) модель; прикладывая магнитное поле; модель оказалась эффективной.
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
prestige [pres'ti^], nation ['neijen], Nobel prize [neu'bel praiz], absolute zero ['aebsaluit 'ziarau], phenomenon [fi'nommen], normal, magnetic, electromagnetic, theory ['Gieri], theorists ['Giensts], fundamental theory, physics, physicist, model ['modi], metallic [mi'taelik], ceramic [si'raemik], colleagues ['koli:gz], laboratory, critical temperature, fabricate, extremely [iks'tri.mli], process ['preuses].
Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов:
latest [leftist], spectacular [spek'taekjule], breakthrough ['breik'Gru:], compare [кэт'реэ], award [9'wo:d], research
217
[ri's9:tn, mercury ['me:kjuri], wire ['waia], below [bilau], 5 °C ['faiv di'gri:z 'sentigreid], completely [kem'pli:tli], return [n'te:n], either ['aibe], finally ['fainali], Zurich ['zjuarik], previously ['priivjasli], throughout [6ru:'aut], liquid [likwid], nitrogen ['naitracfean], lose [lu:z], moreover [mo:'rauva], lack [laek].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
current n -ток
discover v -руживать finally adv introduce v
achievement n — достижение below adv — ниже, внизу benefit n — выгода, польза boil v — кипеть continue v — продолжать cool v — охлаждатьэлектрический
открывать, обна-
наконец вводить lack v — нуждаться likely adv — вероятно lose v — терять master v — овладевать moreover adv — более того pass v — пропускать
present v — представлять previously adv — ранее, предварительно
prominent a — выдающийся, известный
random a — беспорядочный, случайный
resistivity n — удельное сопротивление
return v — возвращаться satisfactory a — приемлемый, удовлетворительный suddenly adv — вдруг, внезапно sufficiently adv — достаточно tend v — стремиться, иметь тенденцию wire n — провод
at once — сразу, немедленно
Text 11А
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об основных этапах развития сверхпроводимости и о тех ученых, которые внесли свой вклад в исследование сверхпроводимости.
Superconductivity
According to the prominent scientist in this country V.L. Ginz-burg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Recent spectacular breakthroughs1 in superconductors may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. They
218
are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age. Prestige, economic and military benefits could well come to the nation that first will master this new field of physics. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist K. Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his low-temperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of a mercury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin (-269 °C). Absolute zero is known to be 0 K. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discovered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normal state either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it. But at that time there was no theory to explain this.
For almost 50 years after K. Onnes' discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. They introduced a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory theory was presented by American physicists, which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM2 scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above3 the previously achieved record of 23 K.
It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before temperature 98 К in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100 К and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity seemed to be possible and practical. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature. But getting superconductors from the laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the new superconductors are easily made, their quality is often uneven. Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconductivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabricate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding of how ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes develop-
219
![](https://s.studizba.com/z.php?f=/templates/si/i/noavatar.png&w=100&h=100&t=1"){kind=avatar}
