ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ (956018), страница 41
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«Superconductivity research».
В. Speak about:
Latest achievements in conductivity research.
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LESSON 12
Сослагательное наклонение Многофункциональность глаголов should, would Особенности пассивного залога Глаголы to involve, result in, result from
Text 12A. The International Space Station
Text 12B. Benefits of Building the ISS
Text 12C. Living Aboard the Space Shuttle and the ISS
Text 12D. Time Travel and New Universes
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в сослагательном наклонении.
A. 1. Would you like to come with us? 2. Would you be so kind
as to tell me how to get to the Red Square? 3. Could you tell me the
way to the main building of the University? 4. Would you mind
giving me your dictionary for a minute? 5. Would you be kind
enough to pass me the text-book? 6. I'd like to thank you for your
help. 7. He'd like to meet you.
B. 1. You are the only person she would listen to. 2. The mate
rial in that book is very much out of date. The book must have been
written a long time ago. 3. He speaks English well. He must have
lived in the United States for a long time. 4. You could have done it
in a different way. 5. It's strange he is not here. However, he might
have forgotten all about it. Or he might have come while I was out.
6. For long journeys in private cars one could use automatic guid
ance systems. 7. One laser beam could carry all the radio, TV and
telephone messages simultaneously.
C. 1. Mary wishes she could drive a car. 2.1 wish that, for just a
day, I were President of the United States. 3.1 wish I had not spent
so much money yesterday. 4. I wish when a boy I had studied
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French instead of English. 5. John wishes he had been a mechanical engineer. 6.1 wish I had a car. 7. I wish you had mentioned this fact to me before.
D. 1. If he were better educated, he would get the job. 2. Were I
you, I should speak to him about it. 3. I would have called you if I
had had your telephone number. 4. Had she felt better, she would
have gone with them. 5. If you watched a laser operate, you might
be surprised at the simplicity of a device capable of such power. 6.
«If I had had a chance to live my life again, I should have tried to
combine the study of the history of art, philosophy and science.»
«But then you wouldn't be good at either.» «No, you are probably
right, I'd be a dilettante.»
E. 1. K. Onnes found that it was necessary that a mercury wire
be cooled to —265 °C for electrical resistivity to disappear. 2. Tsiol-
kovsky proposed that liquid propellants should be used for space
travel. 3. Recently it has been improbable that superconductivity
should appear at an unbelievable temperature of 98 К in a special
ceramic material. 4. The great speeds and high resistance of air de
mand that new hyperliners be built without windows. 5. It is essen
tial that a superconductor should be a solid material and it is
necessary that it should be cooled to -273 °C. 6. It was natural for
the ancient Greeks to suppose that the stars, planets, the sun and
the moon move round the Earth in space. 7. It is possible that a
compound should become a superconductor even if the chemical
elements constituting it are not. 8. Copernicus suggested that the
Sun and not the Earth should be at the centre of everything.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союзы in order that, so that, lest.
1. A special system is being developed so that drivers could see after dark. 2. Aircraft designers tend to replace conventional metal alloys by new composite materials in order that an aircraft structure should be lighter. 3. Some materials are cooled almost to —273 °C so that they should become superconductors. 4. Great attention is paid to ecological problems all over the world so that air in supercities should be clean. 5. You must put down this formula lest you should forget it. 6. Metal parts are tested for defects lest they should fail in operation. 7. Students must work hard lest they should fail at examinations. 8. All kinds of safety devices for motor cars are being developed lest accidents should occur. 9. A hypersonic craft will require complicated cooling measures lest it should burn.
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Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности страдательного залога.
1. International cooperation, especially in the field of space and science, may be spoken of as a long-standing tradition. 2. The «night vision» system is being worked at in many design bureaus. 3. The invention of an internal combustion engine was followed by the appearance of a motor car as we know it today. 4. Any flying vehicle is acted upon by aerodynamic forces. 5. The improvement of our working conditions and life is influenced by the achievements of scientific and technological progress. 6. New developments in the field of superconductivity are much written about at present. 7. The invention of a steam engine was followed by the first industrial revolution. 8. The neutron is not influenced by a magnetic field. 9. The appearance of a jet engine was followed by a tremendous increase of aircraft speeds. 10. The problems of interplanetary flight are dealt with in the latest magazine.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения с глаголом to involve и его производными (занимать, быть занятым, вовлекать, связанный с этим).
1. While on their last space flight French cosmonauts were mostly involved in carrying out scientific experiments. 2. A program to establish an International Lunar Base may involve many nations. 3.The struggle for the protection of Lake Baikal has shown the true position of the organizations involved. 4. To understand the operation of computers one must understand the principles involved.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение 5. Переведите производные слова согласно образцу:
префикс multi- (много-) multi-room — многоместный, multi-national — многонациональный multi-stage rocket, multi-purpose, multi-functional, multi-lateral, multiplex, multimedia, multi-ton vehicle.
Упражнение 6. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
international station [,inta'naejanl 'steijan], civilization [,sivilai'zeijan], orbit ['o:bit], assembly [a'sembli], shuttle ['JXtl], routine [ru:'ti:n], partner ['pa:tna], multi-national ['mAlti-'naeJanl], majority [ma'djonti], astronaut ['aestrano:t], mission ['mijan], official [a'fijal], object ['obdjikt], visible ['vizibl], module
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['modju:l], process ['prauses], ambitious [aem'bijas], project ['procfeekt], control [kan'traul], commercial [ka'ma:Jal], biotechnology [,bai9utek'nolad5i].
Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.
launch [lo:ntf], extension [iks'tenjan], research [n'se:tf], facility [fa'siliti], crew [kru:], alternately [o:rta:natli], expectancy [iks'pektansi], Venus ['vi.nas], awesome ['o:sam], Canada ['kaenada], Japan [dja'paen], Brazil [bra'zil], European [juara'pi:an], behave [bi'heiv], trouble [ЧглЫ], citizen ['sitizn], dozen ['dAzn], opportunity [,opa'tju:niti], basic ['beisik], purpose ['pa:pas], investigation [m,vesti'geifan], adventure [ad'ventfa], promote [pra'maut], require [n'kwaia], billion ['biljan], enterprise ['entapraiz], advertise ['aedvataiz].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
add v — прибавлять, присоединять
advertise v — рекламировать attract v — привлекать, притягивать
behave v — вести себя, работать
broad a — широкий deliver v — доставлять enterprise n — предприятие establish v — учреждать, организовывать
explore v — исследовать, изучать
facility n — сооружение, оборудование
fit v — соединять, подгонять flight n — полет follow v — следовать (за) hence adv — следовательно
implementation n — выполнение, осуществление investigation n — исследование last v — сохраняться, длиться launch v — запускать maintain v — обслуживать, содержать
mission n — задача, полет note v — отмечать opportunity n — благоприятная возможность
predict v — предсказывать promote v — способствовать, содействовать
properly adv — должным образом, правильно space n — пространство, космос stay v — оставаться, жить supply v — снабжать, обеспечивать
trouble n — неисправность, повреждение
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alternately — поочередно at least — по крайней мере
Text 12A
Что вам известно о проекте создания Международной космической станции? Как осуществляется проект на данный момент? Прочитайте текст, проверьте ваши ответы, переведите.
The International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS), the most complex and expensive structure that has ever been launched and built in space, is expected to be a permanent off-planet extension1 of human civilization. When completed, it will be a multi-room hotel and research facility orbiting the Earth every 90 minutes. By that time, resupply and assembly flight by shuttles or rockets will have become routine.
The Russians and Americans are partners in this international enterprise. The three-person multi-national crews will be alternately composed of two Americans and one Russian followed by a Russian majority. Later a six or seven-person crew will occupy the station. Some astronauts may stay on the ISS up to 187 days, but there are no plans yet for longer missions. The official life expectancy of the station itself is 10 years, but it should last much longer.
Five times the size of the Russian space station Mir, the ISS will be one of the biggest objects in the night sky, looking like a supersize Lego set2, almost as long as a football field. Only the Moon and Venus will be bigger and more visible.
The fifth-generation station's complexity is as awesome3 as its size. Built by a partnership of 16 nations, the ISS will consist of 36 modules and hundreds of individual elements that come from all over the world. The station involves the most technologically advanced nations — Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 European nations. There will be many interconnected parts from so many countries that it would be impossible to predict how they would interact.
Hence, it is very important that all of these elements made by different suppliers should fit together properly and work exactly as planned. But even if all the parts fitted perfectly, the assembly process itself in orbit would be risky. The space station is flown while it is being constructed and each new building block added might change the way the station behaves in flight, which could result in serious trouble.
The ISS may be the world's most ambitious engineering project in history, but it could not have been realized without previous extensive experience in operating the Russian Mir space station. Mir
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was a great achievement. Russia learned how to build and maintain complex structures in space. Mir also gave citizens of more than a dozen countries their first opportunity to explore space. It should be noted that Mir has proved to be the perfect training ground for the ISS. For more than a decade, at least two humans were always in low Earth orbit. That is why it was planned that Russia would supply and deliver 12 modules for the future station, each being a key module among its 36 ones. They are: the basic power module, the control, the life support, the service modules and others.
What is the purpose of the ISS? It is a political program as well as a science program. This program is no longer only about conducting scientific investigations in the absence of gravity, or about learning how to build a massive project weighing 400 tons in orbit, or about establishing the base for a future trip to Mars. The ISS is more than merely the next great adventure of the space age. It is also about promoting international cooperation and creating thousands of peacetime jobs for highly skilled workers and engineers.
The implementation of the broad international program would require more than $40 billion. Some space experts would like to attract commercial users such as, e.g., biotechnology companies in order that the cost of the station should be lowered. And some specialists have even suggested that the station be used for advertising and Hollywood filmmaking.
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