new insights into business ocr small (835551), страница 19
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In Japan, during the sameperiod, there was 2 a slight increase________________in the number of children born. This was also the case inSweden where births also 3 rose________________ . Inall countries the birth rate 4 remained stable________________ between 1960 and 1999.As for the number of women in the labour force, we cansee that this figure increased by more than 5 25%________________ in Sweden, where more than half ofthe total number of employees in 1999 were women.There was a similar 6 rise_________________in Spain. InJapan, however, there was a7 big increase________________ with approximately8 7% _________________ more women joining theworkforce. In the USA, where only approximately 9 V3________________ of the female population worked in1960, the total number of female employees reachedslightly less than 10 2/3 ________________ of the labourforce by 1999.Review 2Vocabulary checkComplete the boxes with the words andexpressions from the list below that are mostcommonly associated with each theme.BankingThe EnvironmentThe Stock MarketImport ExportL a ic f fs6 ________________ reduction has been significantlyimproved and we are now on target to meet EUrequirements.
In the light of our success in the EastEuropean markets, we are planning to continue investingthere and are moving forward with plans to set upadditional 7________________ . However, ourperformance in some areas has been affected bycontinuing economic uncertainty and also by theintroduction of 8_________________ restricting sales ofcertain products. On the recommendation of ouradvisers, we have decided to go ahead with plans9 _______________on the Stock Exchange. Our10 _______________will be responsible forimplementing this new programme in the second half ofthe year.3 Complete the sentences using the words in thebox.Company Performanceon (x2)off (x2)1tariffschief financial officerbalancenet profitwasteyielddepositbalance sheetcashpointdividendquotabrokersustainabilitylocal subsidiaryrevenuedutiesdebit cardglobal warmingissue sharesrecyclingComplete the extract from a letter toshareholders with words and expressions fromexercise 1 in the correct form.It has been another excellent year for the company asour businesses have continued to grow.
As you will seefrom the 1 balance sbeeC and the accompanyingfinancial statements, our financial performance hasimproved significantly. We are particularly proud of oursales record and of the fact that we are able to report a6% increase in 2 _________________ during the period.Thanks to this and to the success of various costreduction initiatives, o u r 3_________________ issubstantially higher and consequently our shareholdershave benefited from a significant rise in4 ________________ per share.
Our continuingcommitment to the environment, and our policy ofensuring the long term 5 _________________of theresources that we use in manufacturing, havecontributed to our recent success in the new exportmarkets in Eastern Europe where concern for theenvironment is growing. Our performance in toxic2345678910withintoforout (x2)ofThe magazine has a very interesting article onhow to measure the environmental impact ofconsumer products.We're having trouble____ our agent as he hasnot met the conditions in the contract.Could you fin d ____ when the next meetingwill take place?We were c u t____ in the middle of the phonecall.The argum ents____ increasing our investmentin the company are not very convincing.One of the effects____ the financial crisis hasbeen a drop in consumer spending.We are doing research____ the possibility ofopening a new office in Poland.The launch of the new version has been calledA tariff is a ta x ____ imported goods.The speaker po in ted ____ that the informationwas incomplete.105unit11Setting Up a BusinessKey V o c a b u l a r yЩЩ: Many large businesses in the UK are p u b lic lim ite d com panies (pic), which meansthat the public can buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange.
Examples includeMarks & Spencer, British Telecom and the National Westminster Bank. The minimumshare capital for a public limited company is £50,000, so many new businesses arelikely to take one of the following forms.Sole Tradler or Sole Proprietor (UK)The simplest way of starting a business. You are self-employed and entirely responsiblefor all aspects of the management of your business.Partnership (У К )Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership. All partnersare responsible for the debts of the partnership, and profits and losses are sharedbetween them.Private Limited! Company (У К )A company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders.They must appoint a director and a company secretary.
If the company goes out ofbusiness, the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the amount that they havecontributed; they have lim ited DoabiiDity. Such a company has L td (L im ite d ) after itsname.In the US, businesses take the same basic forms. However, American companies areregistered or incorporated with the authorities in the state where they have theirheadquarters. The abbreviations Done and Corp refer to such companies. To sell sharesto the public they must apply to the Securities Exchange Commission.Discount New/UsedFishing Tackle SpecialistTh@ Tackle Exchange2 9 C h u rc h S tre e tP ro p rie to rM J S ch o fie ldW a lto n -o n -T h a m e sAccoladeEurope U d .S u rre yBowling House.
Point Pleasant,Tel 0 1 9 3 2 2 4 3 7 7W andsworth. London SW18 1PEM o b ile : 0 8 7 5 4 3 5 7 3 1Tel 0181 977 0880Jonathan GrinstedFax: 0181 977 1880cm*tooMe®b«"Kmet'C°mProject Systems DivisionO N E G O O D M A N S'OlicitorsHoskyns Group picSouth Bank95 Wandsworth RoadLondonTelephone 0181 735 0800Fax: 0181 735 8943ail; Jonhosk@ndirect.co.ukCharlesS W 8 2 LXGoodm,an’4 h « e ОВД огГозоГг °n WC2N « 0' котятаШBusiness106Setting Up a Business ULead-inI In pairs, decide which of the advantages and disadvantages below you wouldassociate with the following forms of business.
In some cases there may be morethan one correct answer.a sole tradera partnershipa private limited companyA d van tages1234You have total control of your business.This is a good way of sharing the pressure and work of starting a business.The financial risks that you are taking are restricted.You can increase your capital by selling shares.D isa d v a n ta g es1 There is a danger that conflicts of personality could ruin your business.2 It may be difficult to expand.3 You may have to sell your possessions if the company goes into debt.In pairs, prepare a short checklist of the questions that you would need toask yourselves before starting a business.Example: How much money will I need?ReadingBefore you read the text on the next page about a computer entrepreneur,answer the questions.1 What computer and software companies do you know?2 Which company below did each of these people create?Roger FosterBill GatesSteve JobsScott McNealy©©©Microsoftapricot107unit elevenThe idea manFleeting victory141 Here’s a few of the most prolific*entrepreneurs in computer history:15Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Roger Foster.Roger who?16Admittedly, this British entrepreneur is2no household name* - but if historyhad any justice he would be.
For morethan 30 years, with his ventures, Foster17has always been able to spot the nextbig wave in the industry.Borrowed startH e left school at 16, but qualified as achartered accountant five years later. It wasduring his first jo b at G K N PLC, that ’thelight dawned’. Com puters were expensiveand cumbersome, yet increasinglycompanies were using them to run backoffice* operations such as payroll.So in 1965, w ith two colleagues and loansfrom their parents he set up ACT, designingsoftware systems and offering computerprogramming services to corporateaccounting departments.After two years, A C T started making aprofit.
In fact, it was so successful that itbecame, in 1979, the first British softwarecompany to be listed on the StockExchange.Soon after, however, Foster decided thatthe future lay in hardware. A little chipcompany called Intel Corp. had launchedthe first microprocessors not long before,and a few entrepreneurs saw a future insmall, personal computers made from them.After distributing a US-made PC calledthe Sirius for a couple o f years, A CT startedmanufacturing its own version in 1982.
Theresult, the Apricot, was a phenomenalsuccess.Between 1983 and 1985, ACT soldbetween 40,000 and 50,000 Apricots a year,more than anyone else in the UK, includingIBM. At the company’s height, recalls PeterH orne, one o f A pricot’s co-founders, ‘Wecouldn’t make enough to satisfy demand.’345678Bad bite9But A CT let the advantage slip.181 0 In 1985 A CT introduced a $7 m advertisingcampaign to launch Apricot in the US andsteal market share from Apple C om puterCorp.
T he campaign flopped and the USsortie cost A CT $14 m in 14 months o foperation.11 And one trend Foster failed to spot provedfatal: the rise o f IBM-compatible computing.19Apricot, w hich ran a version o f Microsoft’sM S-D O S operating system, had a hardwarearchitecture peculiar to itself. Foster concedesbeing late in shifting to the IBM standard; ‘Ifwe got the timing wrong, it was six to ninemonths, not a year,’ he says.12 B ut it was too late. Margins on the A pricotcom puter began to be squeezed followingthe rise o f cost-efficient, PC-clonemanufacturers like Com paq Com puter Corp.Sales stagnated in 1986 at around £ 1 0 0 m($164 m), the high set in 1985.
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