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TheV need to be able to move likeh u m a n sa n d a d a p tt o n e w p l a c e s .T h e y a l s o n e e d t o b e m o r e s e n s i t i v eto touch and temperature.In humans it is skin whichprovidesimportantinformationon Dressureand heat.Now read the text and checkyour answer.Readthe text again to find theanswersto these questions.1 What sort of tasks are robotsgood for?2 Typically,whichindustriesmake use of robots?What do robots need in orderto work with people?4 How does E-skin stretch?5 Why is stretchabilityimportant?How could walkÍngrobotsuse information from E-skinin their feet?How could E-skin help robotsnot to damage themselves?What two features of E-skinwould be important inbathing ababy?Englneersat the Universityof Tokyohave developedan artificialskin forrobots which is sensitive to pressureand temperaturethanks to a largenumberof sensors.
In addition,because it uses a mesh or net structurei t c a n b e s t r e t c h e d b y u p t o 2 5 o / oa n d s t i l l r e t a i n i t s s e n s i t i v i t y .T h i smeans it can be used to cover moving parts liReJoints,This E-skinopens the way for much more sensitiverobots.For example,walkingrobots could use feedbackfrom their feet to adjust to differentsurfaces. Robots in future may be able to grasp differenttools and uset h e m a s h u m a n s d o .
D o m e s t i cr o b o t sc o u l d p i c k u p a n d b a t h e a b a b ywithouthurtingit. They wouldalso be less likelyto damage themselves.A l o t r e m a i n s t o b e d o n e . E - s k i n w i l l p r o v i d em u c h m o r e i n f o r m a t i o nt h a n t h e r o b o tr e q u l r e sa t a n y o n e t i m e .
l l u m a n b r a i n sc a n s e l e c t o n l ythe importantinformation.Beforerobotscan act like humans,they needto have brainslike humans.R e a d i n gb a n kk e yReading bank keyTechnologyin sport2Fastskin,Straplessgogglesb Precoolvest,Powersocks,SwiftsuitPowersocks.Swiftsuitd Fastskin,Swiftsuit,StraplessgogglesandsecurityCrime-fighting1A1 Advancedtaser gunz Police131 It reducesbody temperature and therefore therisk ofheat injury.B2 Becausesharks are famously fast swimmers ofthe fish world.z3 Leg muscle vibration. The vibration is wasted energy.1 Iris-scanningAppropriateterhnologyIb2Airports, banks3 The iris is scanned digitally and stored in a database.4 Itkeepsthemcool.5 They are stuck to the eye socketswÍth medical glue.It uses compressedair to fÍredarts attached to electriccables.These deliver an electric shock which causestemporary paralysis.cThis provides a check or match when the person laterrequestsentryto a high-security area.1 Offender tracking2 Police3 Atracking unit recordsan offender,smovements vÍaGPS.A server matches these movements to places andreports automatically to the police if the offender entersforbidden areas.ItemQuantityS-metremetal orbamboo poles3750x 20 mmtoothed wheels32 joining:welding125cc petrol engÍne13 coating:plating3 mm armour plate2 pieces4 joining: using adhesiveswheel motors35 castÍng:die castingManufacturing1 material removal:drilling36 mouldÍng:blow mouldÍng1 Dervish7 forming: extrusion2 It clears antÍ.personnelmines.8 forming: forging3 It'smade from easily available materials and ischeap to make and use.9 coatÍng:powder coating4 To create more pressure5 After it has exploded 1,500mines.6 It coversin a serÍesof tight circles so no mines aremissed.10 forming: shearingR e a d i n gb a n kk e y 6 7TransportPersonalentertainmentIPetrolengÍneand electricmotorIa9b3c5 d6e8 f221 Running at a constant speed,'cruising'2 Low-speedcruÍsing3 Overtaking,hill climbing, and acceleratingfrom stop4 It is not necessaryto charge the batteries.5 The electric motor serves as a generatorwhen brakingThe petrol engine also drÍvesthe generatorwhen thebatteriesare low.Highliving:skyscraperslt2i It savesenergy by balancing the weight of the lift.2 They keep the car steady and act as a safety feature.94h7i1Careersin technology3a7 b4c8d5 e3 f6Possible logical orderb4 c8 e3 92 f6g2h1a7 h1 d5ThefutuÍeof technologyId31 The same task in the same place over and over againFactoriesand nuclear power stations3 Brakeson the guide rails operatedby a'governor',double-doors,multi-strand steel ropes,shock absorbersor buffers at the base ofthe lift shaft3 They need to be able to move like humans, adapt to new34 It has a mesh or net structure.1 It logs all passenger calls,monitors the number ofpassengerstravelling from floor to floor,and theposition of any car in the system and its speed.It candirect passengersto the car which will get them to theirdestination fastest,and will prevent any car which isoverloadedfrom moving.2 The large number of safety devices make it virtuallyimpossÍblefor an accident to happen.Medicaltechnology1 a Administeringmedicalhelpfrom adistanceb Looking after people from a distancec Operating on people from a distance2 the Internet,satellite phones,video links, digitalcameraspeople living, working, or travelling remote frommedicalhelpplaces,and be sensitive to touch and temperature.5 E-skin has to cover moving parts like joints.6 They could adjust to different surfaces.7 The robot could detect anv obstacle as soon as ittouched it.8 SensitÍvityto pressure and temperature6 8 U n i t9Switch onIName some famous skyscrapers.Which cities arethey in?2 Look at the diagram.
It shows some of the componentsof a skyscraper.Match a-f below with 1-6 in thediagram.a concretebaseb claddingc floorsbelowgroundd steel columnse horizontall-shapedgirdersfsteelpilesH i g h l i v i n gs: k y s c r a p e r s6 9ln this unito keytermsfordifferentpartsof a skyscraperO how to describesafetysignsand givesafetyadviceo how to stresslongwordso usingyour searchskillsto find out aboutthe world'st a l l e s tb u i l d i n g sIt'smyjobf -Ducts are installed beneath each floor rocarry cables and pipes.I -Theverticalsteelcolumnsthatformthebaseof the building's main frame are frxed to thefoundations.h -The processis repeatedfloorbyflooruntiltheskyscraperis completed.2 Read the text and check vour answers.Q Listen to Leon Peters,a Steel Erector,and answer thequestions.1 How bÍgis Leon,sgang?2 How long is a contract?3 What kind of buildÍngshas he worked on?4 What word does he use to describe componentswhich are cut and drilled off-site?5 Howlongis atypicalshiftTQ tisten again and find the reasons why1 contractsvaryinlength2 bonuses are paid3 youneedgoodgroundpeople4 youdon't come downfortea-breaks5 moving girders is dangerous.ReadingHow skyscraperrare builtPut these stagesin the construction of a skyscraperinthe correct order.Then work in small groups andcompare answers.a -Metal deckin g calledJloor formers arelaidbetween the beams to form a shallow pan.b -Outer walls, caIIedcladdinq,are lifted intoposÍtionby crane.c -Girders are bolted to the columns to form thefloors of the building.de -íThefoundations are laid.Liquidconcreteispouredontotheformers.SkyscraperconstructionSkyscrapersstartwith a very largehole in the groundwhich will containthe foundations,severalfloors,andpossiblyevena metro or subwaystation.Thetype offoundationsdependonthe natureofthe ground.Usuallythey aremadeby drilling narrow,deepholesand filling them with reÍnforcedconcreteto form piles.Another methodis to drive steelpiles,as much astwenty metresin length,into the ground.A thick raftof concreteis laid on top ofthe piles.Verticalsteelcolumnsareboltedto the foundations.Eachcolumn restson a platform of steelto spreadtheIoad.Steelgirdersarefixed horizontallyfrom columnto columnby SteelErectorsto form a strongframework.Metal deckingis laid acrossthe girdersandfrlledwith lightweight liquid concretewhich ispumpedup from the ground.When it sets,it forms thefloors.Ductsareinstalledbelow the floorsto carry all services:electricity,water,drains.All exposedmetalworkisfireproofed.If a fire happens,it is important that thestructurecan withstand high temperatureswithoutbuckling.Thesameprocessis repeatedasthe buildingrises.Insomeconstructionmethods,entirefloorsarebuilt atgroundlevel and hoistedinto positionby cranes.The outsideof the building is coveredin cladding.Thisconsistsof prefabricatedpanelsof materialssuch asstainlesssteel,aluminium,and glass.7 O U n i t9wasTheworld'sfirstskyscrapert h e H o m eI n s u r a n cbeu i l d i n g ,C h i c a g ob, u i l ti n 1 8 8 5l .t w a so n l y t e ns t o r e y sh i g h .o LanguagespotSafetysignsand safetyadviceSafety signs are found on construction sites2 Work in pairs.Take turns to explain the signs in I toa trainee.EXAMPLESign5You mustn'tgoThismeans'Noadmi.ttance'.Ínthere.More general safety advice is given in handbooks onsafety and on safetytraining programmes:Don't wearflammable clothingwheretheremay beopenJlames.Beforeoperatíngan unfamilÍarmachine,check theguards.Safety signs give direct commands to the reader:No smoking.Do not smokehere.You must not smokehere.Wear a safety helmetSafety helmets must be worn.Go to Grammar reference p.1191 Match the safety signs to their meanings.@@@@@@aEye protection must be wornln the event offire do not use thistift.We use always andneverto strengthen safety advice:ChecktheguardsbeforeusÍngan unfamiliar machi'ne.Always checkthe guards beforeusing an unfamiliarmachine.Don't usean unfamiliar machinewithout checkingtheguards.Neverusean unfamilÍarmachinewithoutcheckingtheguards.)) Go to Grammar reference p.1193 Rewrite the examples of safety advice usíngalwaysot never.EXAMPLEDon't usedefectivetools.Never use defectivetools.1 Make sure a machine has stopped before removingthe guards.2 Do not use mobile phones in busy working areas.3 Wear eye protection when using grinders.Ear protectorsmust be worn inthis area.4 Do not smoke near flammable substances.Protectivefootwear must beworn in this area.7 Make sure the mains supply is disconnectedbeforeworking on electrical equipment.5 Wear a hard hat when work is going on overhead.6 Do not operatechain saws without ear protection.8 Store chemicals in a Iockableroom or container.High-visibility clothing must beworn in this area.No admittance.H i g hl i v i n g s: k y s c r a p e r s7 lCustome]CaÍe2 the site manager is going to take the group round theconstruction site.Read what he says about theregulations the students must observe and note in thetable.Add reasons using the text and your own safetyknowledge.íí I,m responsible for your health and safety for thisvisit.
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