Теоретическая фонетика английского языка (803492), страница 15
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So, all the other degrees ofstress are termedweak.American phoneticians (B. Bloch, G. Trager, H. Gleason) distinguishfour contrastive degrees of word stress: primary, secondary, tertiary andweak. Tertiary stress does not show much difference from secondary stress,but it has a different placement in a word. It is generally associated withAmerican English, where it marks the last but one syllable in the wordswith suffixes -ary, -ory, -ony (,revo'lutio,nary, 'dictio,nary, 'cere,mony). It isargued that the secondary stress precedes the primary stress and the tertiary stress follows it.
For example, in the verbs with the suffIxes -ate, -ize,_y tertiary stress can be observed (,demonst,rate, 'orga,nize, 'simplify). SomeBritish linguists share this point of view, because there is a tendency to usea tertiary stress in a post-tonic syllable in the words with an unreducedvowel in the last syllable in British English (,black,board, 'demonst,rate, 'rea,lize).A.
Gimson, for example, distinguishes four degrees of stress, whichare realized mainly by the change of pitch, to be more exact, he describesfour degrees of word accent: primary accent, marked by the last majorpitch change in a word; secondary accent, marked by a non-final pitchchange in a word; a minor prominence produced by the occurrence of afull vowel, but containing no pitch change; a non-prominent syllable containing no pitch change and one of the vowels [I, U, a] (Gimson, 1981).According to J. C.
Wells "tertiary stress is the location of a potential rhythmic beat either after the primary stress or between the secondary and theprimary" (Wells, 1993).However, in terms of teaching English as a foreign language the British conception of three degrees of word stress is more acceptable.3.4. Placement ofWord Stress613.4.
Placement of Word StressAccording to its placement in a word stress can be fixed and free. In languages with a fIXed stress the position of the word stress is restricted to aparticular syllable in a multisyllabic word. For example, in French wordstress is normally fixed on the last syllable ofthe word, in Finnish and Czechit falls on the first syllable, in Polish on the last but one syllable.There is linguistic data that in 94% of 306 languages with fixed wordstress the stress falls on final, penultimate (last but one) and initial syllable.This placement of word stress indicates the word boundaries and thus performs the identificatory (demarkative) function (J.
Laver, 1995; T. Shevchenko,2006).In languages with a free stress its location is not confined to a specific position in the word. In one word it may fall on the first syllable, in another onthe second syllable, in the third word - on the last syllable and so on. To bemore exact, stress can be placed on any syllable of the word. The number oflanguages with free word stress is relatively small: English, Russian, Italian,Greek, Spanish and some others (English - 'appetite, be'ginning, ba'lloon),Russian - o3epo, nOi?oiJa, MOJlOKO).In English (as well as in Russian) the word stress is not only free, but itis also shifting, which means that it can change its position in different formsof the word and its derivatives: 'contrast - con'trast, 'music - mu'sician, 'habit - ha'bitual, 60iJbl - 60iJa - 600flH0i1, ttyoHafl - ttyiJHafl.Table 2'JYpes of Word Stress according to its Placement'JYpe of Word StressPosition of StressfIxedrestricted to a particular syllablefreeis not restricted, stress can be placed on any syllableAdmittedly it is difficult to predict the location of English word stress.Some linguists suppose that the speaker has to memorize the stress patternof each word as it is learned.
However, there exist some generalizations concerning the placement of word stress which the native speaker of Englishmakes unconsciously and stores in the mind (Ph. Carr, 1999; P. Roach,2001). To define the position ofword stress in each individual word it is necessary to take into account a number of factors:- phonological structure of the syllables;- the number of syllables in the word;62Chapt.er HI. \\brd Stress_ morphological factor (whether the word is simple, complex or compound);_ the part of speech the word belongs to (noun, verb, adjective, etc.).The phonological structure of the syllable, or synable weight is related to .,the status of a particular syllable in terms of the degree of sonority. Thesounds that possess a greater degree of sonority contribute to the greaterprominence (weight) ofsyllable.
A syllable is considered to be strong (heavy)when it contains a long vowel or a diphthong or a short vowel followed bytwo consonants. The influence ofthis factor can be illustrated by the following example: in English verbs the stress falls on the last syllable ifit is strongand on the last but one syllable if the last one is weak (light), e. g. a'rrivede'velop.The number of syllables in a word influences the number ofstresses and to a certain extent the position of stress. There are stress patterns typical of two-syllable words, three-syllable words and so on.
In multi-syllable words there appears secondary stress. Another factor to be considered is the morphological factor, in particular, whether the word is simple, complex or compound. In complex wordsthe placement of stress depends on the type of suffIx. Suffixes are dividedinto those which do not affect the stress placement in the stem ( stressneutral ), those which influence stress in the stem (stress-fIXing) and thosewhich carry stress themselves (stress attracting).In the word with a stress-neutral SuffIX the stress remains on the same syllable in the stem.
This group includes such suffIxes as -aI, -able, -en, -jul,-lng, -ish, -less, -ness, -ly, -ment, -ous and others (re'fuse re'fusal, 'comfort'comfortable, a'maze - a'mazing, 'happy - 'happiness, agree a'greement).Stress fixing suffIXes determine the placement of stress on a particularsyllable ofthe stem. SuffIXes -ion, -ic, -tty, -ial, -ive attract stress to the syllable that precedes them, 1. e. the last syllable ofthe stem ('peifect - perfection, 'proverb - pro'verbial, 'curious cun"osity).
Verbal suffix -ate in words ofmore than two syllables fixes the stress on the third syllable from the end('operate).Stress attracting suffIXes include such suffIXes as -ade, -eer, -ee, -esque,-ette (cru'sade, mounta'neer, refu'gee, ,ciga'rette, pictu'resque).In some cases this factor is to be considered together with another one the number ofsyllables in a word. For example, the verbal suffix -ate is stressattracting in the words containing two syllables (migrate), but in words containing more than two syllables it is stress-fIXing; it fixes the stress on thethird syllable from the end (com'municate).3.4.
Placement. of\\brd Stress63Besides complex words we should also consider compound words. Compounds contain more than one root or more than one word, but they functionas one word. Compounds can be spelled in different ways: as one word (suitcase), with a hyphen (good-tempered), or as two words (work day). Accordingto P. Roach "the most familiar type ofcompound is the one which combinestwo nouns, and normally has the stress on the first element" (P.
Roach, 200 I).This stress pattern can be observed in the following compounds: 'sunrise, 'typewriter, 'greenhouse, 'bedroom. However, quite a number of compounds takestress on the second element: bad-'tempered, second-'class, North-'West, i/l'treat.
Another typical stress pattern is: secondary stress on the first element +primary stress on the second element (t::lear-'cut).British phoneticians (Ph. Carr, P. Roach) suggest a rule that sums up themost typical tendencies in the placement of word stress in compounds:stress goes on the first element if it is a noun ('wine glass, 'suitcase) and onthe second element if the first is adjectival in meaning, in other words if itperforms the function of an attribute (,heavy-'handed, .five-'finger, .first'rate).
It should also be mentioned that compounds can have only one primary stress (J. C. Wells), if there are more than one stressed syllables secondary stress might be used. "The model with two primary stresses wasreplaced by a more productive model secondary + primary in the 60s-70s ofthe 20 th century" (T.
Shevchenko, 2006)We should mention here that the location of word stress in connectedspeech is influenced by the position of the word in the sentence. You cancompare the placement ofstress in the following pairs:pagefourteen - fourteen pagesWestminster Westminster AbbeyShe is bad-tempered. - She is a bad-tempered girl.This variability ofword stress is accounted for by the influence ofspeechrhythm, which tends towards a regular alteration between stressed and unstressed syllables.The fourth factor which should be considered is the dependence ofwordstress on the grammatical category the word belongs to.
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