Reading Essentials for Biology Glencoe (794133), страница 93
Текст из файла (страница 93)
List four ways animalscommunicate.________________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 33407NameDateClassSection33.2Learned Behavior, continuedCan animals use language?6. How do humans benefitfrom language?________________________________________________Language, the use of symbols to represent ideas, is presentprimarily in animals with complex nervous systems, memory, andinsight. Humans, with the help of spoken and written language, canbenefit from what other people and cultures have learned. Humansdo not have to experience everything for themselves. People canuse accumulated knowledge to build new knowledge.________________________◗ After You ReadMini Glossarycommunication: exchange of information thatresults in a change of behaviorhabituation (huh bit choo AY shun): learnedbehavior that occurs when an animal isrepeatedly given a stimulus not associatedwith any punishment or rewardimprinting: learned behavior in which an animal,at a specific critical time of its life, forms asocial attachment to another object; usuallyoccurs early in life and allows an animal torecognize its mother and others of its speciesinsight: type of learning in which an animaluses previous experiences to respond to anew situationlanguage: use of symbols to represent ideas; usually present in animals with complex nervous systems, memory, and insightmotivation: internal need that causes an animalto act and that is necessary for learning totake place; often involves hunger or thirsttrial-and-error learning: type of learning inwhich an animal receives a reward for making a particular response1.
Read the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary above. Select two key terms thatdescribe a type of learning and provide an example of each learning type.____________________________________________________________________________________2. Match the terms with the correct statements. Put the letter of the term in Column 2 on theline in front of the statement it matches in Column 1.Column 1__________Column 21. Takes place when behavior changes throughpractice or experience.a. adaptive value2. Learning has survival benefits for animals inchanging environments.c. language_____3. This is the most complex type of learning._____4. Communication that enables humans to benefitfrom what others have learned without havingto experience it directly.b.
insightd. learningVisit the Glencoe Science Web site at science.glencoe.com to findyour biology book and learn more about learned behavior.408Chapter 33READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.classical conditioning: learning by associationNameDateClassSection34.1 Skin: The Body’s ProtectionSC.F.1.4.7 The student knows that organisms respond to internal and external stimuli.◗ Before You ReadYour entire body is covered by skin.
Skin is an important organ. What are the functions of yourskin? List your ideas on the lines below. After you have read this section, add other functions toyour list.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________◗ Read to LearnCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Structure and Functions of theIntegumentary SystemSkin is your body’s largest organ. It is also the main organ ofthe integumentary (inh TE gyuh MEN tuh ree) system. Hair,nails, and some glands are also part of the system.
Skin covers ourbodies. It is composed of layers of the four types of body tissues.The four types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, andnervous. Epithelial tissue is found in the outer layer of the skin.It covers body surfaces. Connective tissue consists of both toughand flexible protein fibers. Connective tissue holds your bodytogether. Muscle tissues interact with hairs on the skin to respondto stimuli, such as cold and fright.
Nervous tissue helps humanssense external stimuli, such as pain or pressure.What is the epidermis?The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It has twoparts—the exterior, or outside, part and the interior, or inside,part. The exterior layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30layers of dead, flattened cells.
These cells are continually shed.Although the cells are dead, they serve an important function.They contain a protein called keratin (KER uh tin). Keratinhelps protect the living cell layers underneath from exposure tobacteria, heat, and chemicals.The interior layer of the epidermis contains living cells. Theliving cells continually divide so that they can replace the deadcells. As new cells are pushed toward the skin’s surface, the nucleiREADING ESSENTIALSIdentifySpecific Ideas As you readthough this section, highlightthe text each time that youread about ways in which theskin helps to protect the body.1. What are the four typesof body tissues that makeup the skin?________________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter 34409NameDateClassSection34.1Skin: The Body’s Protection, continued2. Explain Why is melaninimportant to the body?________________________________________________________________________in the cells degenerate, and the cells die.
Then these cells are shed.This process takes about 28 days. So, every four weeks, all of thecells of the epidermis are replaced by new cells.Some of these cells in the interior layer contain melanin.Melanin is a pigment that colors the skin. Differences in skincolor are due to the amount of melanin produced by the cells.Melanin helps protect the underlying body cells from solar radiation, or sun damage, by absorbing ultraviolet light. If ultravioletlight damages cells, skin cancer could develop.The epidermis on the fingers and palms of your hands and onthe toes and soles of your feet contains ridges and grooves thatare formed before birth.
These ridges increase friction, whichimproves the skin’s grip. Each person has a unique pattern ofridges and grooves. Because these patterns are unique, footprintsand fingerprints can be used to identify individuals.3. What is the purpose offat deposits in the skin?________________________________________________________________________The second principal layer of the skin is the dermis. Thedermis is the inner, thicker portion of the skin. The thickness ofthe dermis changes from body part to body part. The thicknessdepends on how that body part is used.As shown in the illustration on page 411, the dermis containsstructures such as blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. Underneath the dermis, theskin is attached to the underlying tissues by the subcutaneouslayer.
This layer consists of fat and connective tissue. Fat depositshelp the body absorb impacts, retain heat, and store food.Hair is another structure of the integumentary system. It growsout of hair follicles, narrow, hollow openings in the dermis. Theprimary function of hair is to protect the skin from injury anddamage from the sun. Hair also provides an insulating layer of airjust above the surface of the skin. As hair follicles develop, theyare supplied with blood vessels and nerves. These follicles becomeattached to muscle tissue. Most hair follicles have an oil gland.Oil prevents hair from drying out and keeps the skin soft.
Oil alsohelps prevent the growth of certain bacteria. When oil and deadcells block the opening of the hair follicle, pimples may form.What are the functions of the integumentarysystem?One function of skin is to help maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism’s internal environmentto maintain conditions suitable for its survival.
Skin helps410Chapter 34READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What is the dermis?NameDateClassSection34.1Skin: The Body’s Protection, continuedOil glandsEpidermisHairSweat poreDead epidermisLiving epidermisTouch receptorDermisMuscleSweat glandsSubcutaneouslayerHair follicleNerveFat tissueCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.ArteryVeinregulate your internal body temperature. When your temperaturerises, blood vessels in the dermis dilate.
This dilation causesincreased blood flow. Body heat is transferred from the bloodvessels to the surface of the skin. From the skin, the heat is lostby radiation. When you are cold, the blood vessels in the skincontract, and the body conserves heat.Glands in the integumentary system help cool the body. Whenthe body heats up, glands in the dermis produce sweat. The wetskin helps reduce body temperature. As the sweat evaporates, thewater changes from liquid to vapor. Heat is lost, and the bodycools itself.The skin also is a sense organ.
Nerve cells in the dermis receivestimuli from outside the body. Nerve cells provide informationabout pressure, pain, and temperature to the brain.Skin helps produce essential vitamins. When exposed to ultraviolet light, or sunlight, skin cells produce vitamin D. Vitamin Dhelps the body absorb calcium into the bloodstream.
Becausetoo much sunlight can damage the skin, people may need totake vitamin D supplements or eat foods that are enriched withthis vitamin.READING ESSENTIALS4. How does the body coolitself?________________________________________________________________________Chapter 34411NameDateClassSection34.1Skin: The Body’s Protection, continuedSkin serves as a protective layer for the tissues beneath it.It protects the body from physical and chemical damage.
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