Reading Essentials for Biology Glencoe (794133), страница 92
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cities, horses play animportant role in law enforcement. This is despite the fact that young horses often are afraid of cars,noisy streets, and sudden movements. After a while, the horses become used to the typical sights andsounds of the city and adjust to their work environment. How are horses able to do this? Write yourthoughts on the lines below.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________◗ Read to LearnIdentify MainIdeas As you read this section, circle the different typesof learning. Highlight theparagraph that discusses whatcauses learning to happenmore quickly.Learning, or learned behavior, takes place when behaviorchanges through practice or experience.
The more complex ananimal’s brain, the more complicated the patterns of its learnedbehavior. Innate behaviors are more common in invertebrates.Learned behaviors are more common in vertebrates. In humans,many behaviors are learned.Learning has survival benefits for all animals. In changing environments, learning permits behavior to change in response to varied conditions. Learning allows an animal to adapt to change.Learned behavior has adaptive value.
This ability is especiallyimportant for animals with long life spans. The longer an animallives, the greater the chance that its environment will change.Kinds of Learned BehaviorJust as there are several types of innate behavior, there are several types of learned behavior. Some learned behavior is simpleand some is complex.What is habituation?Horses normally shy away from an object that suddenly appearsfrom the trees or bushes, yet after awhile they disregard noisy carswith honking horns that speed by their pasture. This lack ofresponse is called habituation.
Habituation (huh bit choo AY shun)occurs when an animal is repeatedly given a stimulus. However,404Chapter 33READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What is learned behavior?NameDateClassSection33.2Learned Behavior, continuedthe stimulus is not associated with any punishment or reward. Ananimal has become habituated to a stimulus when it stops responding to the stimulus.What is imprinting?You may have seen young ducklings following their mother.This behavior is the result of imprinting.
Imprinting is a form oflearning in which an animal forms a social attachment to anotherobject. This occurs at a specific, critical time in the animal’s life.Many kinds of animals do not innately know how to recognizemembers of their own species. Instead, they learn how to do thisearly in life. Imprinting takes place only during a specific periodof the animal’s life.
It is usually irreversible. For example, birdsthat leave the nest immediately after hatching, such as geese,imprint on their mother. They learn to recognize her within a dayof hatching. Imprinting also occurs in ducks. Ducklings quicklylearn to recognize and follow the first highly visible moving objectthey see. Normally that object is the ducklings’ mother. Learningto recognize their mother and following her helps ducklings survive. Their mother means that food and protection will be nearby.Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Do animals learn by trial and error?You may remember learning how to ride a bike.
You probablytried it several times before you were able to do it successfully.Some animal abilities are acquired the same way. For example,nest building may be a learning experience. The first time a jackdaw builds a nest, it uses grass, bits of glass, stones, empty cans,old lightbulbs, and anything else it can find. With experience, thebird finds that grasses and twigs make better nests than lightbulbsand empty cans. The animal has used trial-and-error learning inwhich an animal receives a reward for making a particularresponse. When an animal tries one solution and then another inthe course of obtaining a reward, in this case a suitable nest, it islearning by trial-and-error.Learning happens more quickly if there is a reason to learn orbe successful.
Motivation is an internal need that causes an animal to act. In most animals, motivation often involves satisfying aphysical need such as hunger or thirst. If an animal is not motivated, it will not learn. Usually, animals that are not hungry willnot respond to a food reward.READING ESSENTIALS1. How do you know whenan animal has becomehabituated to a stimulus?________________________________________________________________________2.
Infer What would happen if the first highly visible moving object that anewly hatched group ofducklings saw was ahuman?________________________________________________________________________3. What usually motivatesan animal to act?________________________________________________________________________Chapter 33405NameDateClassSection33.2Learned Behavior, continuedDo animals learn by association?A Pavlov noted that dogssalivate when they smell food.Responding to the smell offood is a reflex, an exampleof innate behavior.B By ringing a bell each timehe presented food to a dog,Pavlov established anassociation between thefood and the ringing bell.C Eventually, the dog salivated atthe sound of the bell alone.
Thedog had been conditioned torespond to a stimulus that it didnot normally associate with food.What is the most complex type of learning?In a classic study of animal behavior, a chimpanzee was giventwo bamboo poles. Neither of the poles was long enough to reachsome fruit placed outside its cage. The chimpanzee connected thetwo shorter poles to make one longer pole.
The chimpanzeesolved the problem of how to reach the fruit. This type of learning is called insight. Insight is learning in which an animal usesprevious experience to respond to a new situation. It is the mostcomplex type of learning.406Chapter 33READING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Suppose you have a new kitten. Each time it smells the aromaof cat food in the can you are opening, it begins to meow. After afew weeks, the sound of the can opener attracts the kitten, causingit to meow. The kitten has become conditioned to respond to astimulus other than the smell of food.
Classical conditioning islearning by association. You can see a well-known example of anearly experiment in classical conditioning in the illustration below.NameDateClassSection33.2Learned Behavior, continuedMuch of human learning is based on insight. When you were ababy you learned a great deal by trial-and-error. As you grewolder, you relied more on insight. Solving math problems is anexample of insight.
Most likely your first math experience waslearning to count. Based on your understanding of numbers, youthen learned to add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Years later, youcontinue to solve math problems based on your past experiences.When you encounter a problem or a situation you have neverexperienced before, you use insight to solve it.4. What is the most complextype of learning?________________________________________________________________________The Role of CommunicationWhen you think about interactions among animals, you realizethat some sort of communication has taken place. Communicationis an exchange of information that results in a change of behavior.Black-headed gulls visually communicate their availability for mating with instinctive courtship behavior.
The pat on the head froma dog’s owner after the dog fetches a stick signals a job well done.Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Do most animals communicate?Animals have several ways to communicate. They signal eachother by sounds, sights, touches, or smells. Sounds vibrate in alldirections. They can be heard a long way from their sources.Sounds such as songs, roars, and calls communicate a lot of information quickly. For example, the song of a male cricket tells hislocation, his sex, and his social status. Communication by soundusually varies according to species, so the male cricket also communicates his species.Signals that involve odors may be spread over a wide area andcarry a general message.
Ants leave odor trails that are followedby other members of their nest. These odors are specific to eachant species. As you know, pheromones such as those used bymoths may be used to attract mates. Because only small amountsof pheromones are needed, other animals, especially predators,may not be able to detect the odors.Some communication combines innate and learned behavior.In some species of songbirds, males automatically sing when theyreach sexual maturity.
Their songs are specific to their species,and singing is an innate behavior. Sometimes members of thesame species that live in different regions learn variations of thesong. They learn to sing with a regional dialect. In other species,birds raised in isolation never learn to sing their species song.READING ESSENTIALS5.
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