Reading Essentials for Biology Glencoe (794133), страница 91
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Aggressivebehavior includes bird calling, teeth baring, or growling. It is amessage to “keep away”.Animals of the same species rarely fight to the death. Thefights are usually symbolic. Why does aggressive behavior rarelyresult in serious injury? It may be that the defeated individualshows signs of submission. These signs stop further aggressionby the victor.What is a dominance hierarchy?6. Analyze The formationof a dominance hierarchyis (Circle your choice.)a. a learned behavior.b. innate behavior.c.
both.400Chapter 33Sometimes, aggressive behavior among several individuals resultsin a grouping in which there are different levels of dominant andsubmissive animals. A dominance hierarchy (DAH muh nunts •HI rar kee) is a form of social ranking in which some individualsare more subordinate than others. Usually one animal is thetop-ranking, dominant animal. This animal may lead others tofood, water, and shelter. A dominant male often sires most or allREADING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What is the purpose of aggressive behavior?NameDateClassSection33.1Innate Behavior, continuedof the offspring.
There might be several levels in the hierarchy.Individuals in each level are subordinate to the one above. Theability to form a dominance hierarchy is innate. However, the position each animal assumes may be learned. You may have heard theterm pecking order. It describes adominance hierarchy formed bychickens. The top-ranking chickencan peck any other chicken. Thechicken lowest in the hierarchy ispecked by all the other chickens inthe group.Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What are somebehavioral cues?Sometimes behavior is a response to internal biologicalrhythms. Behavior based on a 24-hour day/night cycle is oneexample. Many animals, humans included, sleep at night and areawake during the day.
Other animals, such as owls, have theopposite pattern. They sleep during the day and are awake atnight. A 24-hour, light regulated, sleep/wake cycle of behavior iscalled a circadian (sur KAY dee uhn) rhythm. Circadian rhythmskeep you alert during the day and help you relax at night. Even ifyou forget to set your alarm clock, they may wake you. Circadianrhythms are controlled by genes. They are also influenced byfactors such as jet lag and shift work.Rhythms also occur on a yearly or seasonal cycle. Migration,for example, occurs on a seasonal cycle.
Migration is the instinctive, seasonal movement of animals. In North America about twothirds of bird species fly south in the fall. There is food availablein areas such as South America. The birds fly north in the springto areas where they breed during the summer. Whales migrateseasonally too. Scientists hypothesize that change in day lengthstimulates the onset of migration in the same way that it controlsthe flowering of plants. Butterflies, salmon, and caribou are just afew of the animals that make seasonal migrations.Migration requires remarkable strength and endurance.
Thearctic tern migrates between the arctic circle and the Antarctic, aone-way flight of almost 18 000 km.Animals navigate in a variety of ways including:• using the positions of the sun and stars7. What might stimulate theonset of migration?________________________________________________________________________8. How do animals navigateduring migration?________________________• using geographic clues such as mountain ranges________________________• using Earth’s magnetic field________________________READING ESSENTIALSChapter 33401NameDateClassSection33.1Innate Behavior, continuedIt is possible that some animals migrate in response to coldertemperatures and shorter days, as well as hormones. Young animalsmay learn when and where to migrate by following their parents.9. What is estivation?________________________________________________________________________It is easy to see why some animals migrate from a colder placeto a warmer place, yet most animals do not migrate.
The ways inwhich many animals cope with winter is another example ofinstinctive behavior.In preparation for winter, some animals store food in burrowsand nests. Other animals survive winter by undergoing changes intheir bodies that reduce the need for energy. Many mammals,some birds, and a few other types of animals go into a deep sleepduring the cold winter months. This period of inactivity is calledhibernation. Hibernation (hi bur NAY shun) is a state in whichthe body temperature drops.
Oxygen use decreases and thebreathing rate falls to a few breaths per minute. Hibernation conserves energy. Animals that hibernate typically eat large amountsof food to build up body fat before entering hibernation. The fatprovides fuel for the animal’s body.What about an animal that lives in a climate that is hot yearround? Some animals respond to heat in a way that is similar tohibernation. Estivation (es tuh VAY shun) is a state of reducedmetabolism that occurs in animals living in conditions of intenseheat.
Desert animals appear to estivate in response to lack of foodor periods of drought. On the other hand, Australian long-neckedturtles will estivate even when they are kept in a laboratory withconstant food and water. That means that estivation is an innatebehavior that depends on internal and external cues.◗ After You ReadMini Glossaryaggressive behavior: innate behavior used tointimidate another animal of the samespecies in order to defend young, territory,or resourcesbehavior: anything an animal does in responseto a stimulus in its environmentcircadian (sur KAY dee uhn) rhythm: innatebehavior based on the 24-hour cycle of theday; light regulated; may determine whenan animal sleeps or wakes402Chapter 33courtship behavior: an instinctive behavior thatmales and females of a species carry outbefore matingdominance hierarchy (DAH muh nunts •HI rar kee): innate behavior by which someanimals form social ranking within a groupin which some individuals are more subordinate than others; usually has one topranking individualREADING ESSENTIALSCopyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.What happens to animals that do not migrate?NameDateClassSection33.1Innate Behavior, continuedestivation (es tuh VAY shun): state of reducedmetabolism that occurs in animals living inconditions of intense heatfight-or-flight response: automatic responsecontrolled by hormones that prepares thebody to either fight or run from dangerhibernation (hi bur NAY shun): state of reducedmetabolism occurring in animals that sleepduring parts of cold winter months; an animal’s temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rate declinesinnate (ih NAYT) behavior: an inherited behaviorin animals; includes automatic responsesand instinctive behaviorsinstinct (IHN stingt): complex innate behaviorpatterns that begin when an animal recognizes a stimulus and continue until all partsof the behavior have been performedmigration: instinctive seasonal movements ofanimals from place to placereflex (REE fleks): simple, automatic response inan animal that involves no conscious control; usually acts to protect an animal fromserious injuryterritory: physical space an animal defendsagainst other members of its species; maycontain an animal’s breeding area, feedingarea, potential mates, or all three1.
Read the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. On the line below explain how areflex is different from an instinct.____________________________________________________________________________________2. Complete the web diagram by using the following concepts in the appropriate box: reflex,courtship, hibernation, fight-or-flight, territoriality, and migration.Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Innate behaviorFixed-actionresponseInstinctivebehaviorAutomaticresponse3. How is innate behavior an advantage in a species where the mother leaves once the younghave hatched?____________________________________________________________________________________Visit the Glencoe Science Web site at science.glencoe.com to findyour biology book and learn more about innate behavior.READING ESSENTIALSChapter 33403NameDateClassSection33.2 Learned BehaviorSC.F.1.4.7 The student knows that organisms respond to internal and external stimuli.◗ Before You ReadHave you ever seen a police officer patrolling on horseback? In many U.S.
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