Chemistry - an illustrated guide to science (794128), страница 38
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They are muchweaker than chemical bonds.viscosity A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow.wavelength The distance between two correspondingpoints on a wave.white dwarf The small, dense remnant of a star near theend of its period of nuclear fusion.zinc (Zn) A hard, brittle, bluish-white metallic element usedin alloys and in galvanizing.zwitterion An ion that carries both a positive and negativecharge.20 5INTERNET RESOURCESInternet resourcesThere is a lot of useful information on the internet.Information on a particular topic may be availablethrough a search engine such as Google( http:/ / www.google.com). Some of the Web sites that arefound in this way may be very useful, others not. Belowis a selection of Web sites related to the materialcovered by this book.The publisher takes no responsibility for theinformation contained within these Web sites.All the sites were accessible on March 1, 2006.Chemistry TutorHelp for high school students with chemistry homework.Includes an introduction to chemistry, equations,calculations, types of reactions, information on lab safety,and links to other sources.http:/ / library.thinkquest.org/ 2923ChemSpy.comLinks to chemistry and chemical engineering terms,definitions, synonyms, acronyms, and abbreviations.http:/ / www.chemspy.comChemtutorA guide to the basics of chemistry for high school andcollege students.http:/ / www.chemtutor.comAbout ChemistryIncludes links to a glossary, encyclopedia, experiments,periodic table, chemical structure archive, chemistryproblems, and articles.http:/ / chemistry.about.comCHEMysteryA virtual chemistry textbook, providing an interactiveguide for high school chemistry students and links toother resources.http:/ / library.thinkquest.org/ 3659http:/ / www.allchemicals.infoChem4KidsAccessible information on matter, atoms, elements,reactions, biochemistry, and much more, forgrades 5–9.http:/ / www.chem4kids.comChemistry Carousel: A Trip Around the CarbonCycleSite explaining the carbon cycle.http:/ / library.thinkquest.org/ 11226Chemistry CentralOffers basic atomic information, information on theperiodic table, chemical bonding, and organic chemistryas well as extensive links to a wide variety of otherresources.http:/ / users.senet.com.au/ ~rowanb/ chemChemistry.orgOffers publications, career advice, information, andcurriculum materials for K–12.http:/ / www.acs.org/The Chemistry Research CenterOffers high school students links to useful sites for helpwith homework.http:/ / library.thinkquest.org/ 21192Common MoleculesInformation and 3-D presentation on molecules studiedin chemistry classes or of interest for their structuralproperties.http:/ / www.reciprocalnet.org/ edumodules/commonmoleculesDelights of ChemistryPresents more than 40 chemistry demonstrations and500 photographs/animations of experiments andchemical reactions.http:/ / www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/ delightsEnvironmentalChemistry.comIncludes a chemical and environmental dictionary; adetailed periodic table of elements; articles onenvironmental and hazardous materials issues; a geologictimeline.http:/ / environmentalchemistry.comEric Weisstein’s World of CHEMISTRYOnline encyclopedia, still under construction, withexcellent graphics; good source for chemical reactions.http:/ / scienceworld.wolfram.com/ chemistryGeneral Chemistry OnlineContains searchable glossary, frequently askedquestions, database of compounds, tutorials,simulations, and toolbox of periodic table andcalculators.http:/ / antoine.frostburg.edu/ chem/ senese/ 10 1© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.Allchemicals.infoHundreds of definitions and descriptions from absolutezero to zinc.20 6INTERNET RESOURCESIUPAC Nomenclature Home PageDefinitions of terms used in chemistry provided by theInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The“Gold book” is particularly good for basic terms.Reactive ReportsWeb chemistry magazine offering news stories and linksto sites.http:/ / www.reactivereports.comhttp:/ / www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/ iupacThe Learning Matters of ChemistryOffers visualizations of molecules and atomic orbits,interactive chemistry exercises, and links to otherresources.http:/ / www.knowledgebydesign.com/ tlmcThe Macrogalleria: A Cyberwonderland ofPolymer FunAn Internet “mall” for learning about polymers andpolymer science.http:/ / www.pslc.ws/ macrogNuclear Chemistry and the CommunityIntroduction to nuclear chemistry and its impact onsociety.http:/ / www.chemcases.com/ nuclearOpen Directory Project: Biochemistry andMolecular BiologyA comprehensive listing of internet resources in thefield of biochemistry.http:/ / dmoz.org/ Science/ Biology/ Biochemistry_and_Molecular_BiologyOpen Directory Project: ChemistryA comprehensive listing of internet resources in thefield of chemistry.http:/ / dmoz.org/ science/ chemistryScienceMasterNews, information, links, columns, and homework helpin all major areas of science.http:/ / www.sciencemaster.comScience News for KidsScience Service Suggestions for hands-on activities,books, articles, Web resources, andother useful materials for students ages 9–13.http:/ / www.sciencenewsforkids.orgThe Science of SpectroscopyIntroduction to spectroscopy with descriptions ofcommon spectroscopic analysis techniques, as well asapplications of spectroscopy in consumer products,medicine, and space science.http:/ / www.scienceofspectroscopy.infoVirtual Chemistry3-D simulated laboratory for teaching chemistry, withlinks to an online encyclopedia, tutorials, and close-upsof molecules.http:/ / neon.chem.ox.ac.uk/ vrchemistryA Visual Interpretation of the Table of ElementsStriking visual representations of 110 elements.
Siteincludes detailed information on the elements and onthe history of the periodic table.http:/ / www.chemsoc.org/ viselementsThe pH FactorIntroduction to acids and bases for middle schoolstudents.http:/ / www.miamisci.org/ phWeb Elements™ Periodic Table Scholar EditionHigh quality source of information about the periodictable for students. There is also a professional edition.http:/ / www.webelements.com/ webelements/ scholarPSIgate: ChemistryOffers interactive tutorials, timeline, and links, in manyareas.© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.http:/ / www.psigate.ac.uk/ newsite/ chemistry-gatewayWhat’s that Stuff?Explores the chemistry of everyday objects.http:/ / pubs.acs.org/ cen/ whatstuff/ stuff.html20 7INDEXIndex of subject headings.aacidsneutralization of 130preparation of 124reactions of 123, 170titration of 53–4actinium series 187air, gases in 69alcohols 163, 170alkalis, neutralization of 127alkanes 156reaction summary 169alkenes 157reaction summary 169allotropesof carbon 148–9of oxygen 82of sulfur 82aluminum 106reactions of 112amino acids 172ammonia 67, 73–7Haber process 74–5properties of 73atomic emission spectrum 22atomic mass 35atomic structure 13atomic volumes 33–4Avogadro’s constant 20bbases 125–6neutralization of 128boiling points 31–2bond dissociation energies 140bonding of chemicals 41–4ccarbon, chemistry of 148–74carbon chains 154carbon cycle 150carbon oxides 151carboxylic acids 164ddecay sequencesactinium series 187neptunium series 189radioactivity of 190thorium series 188uranium series 186detergents 166diamonds 148disaccharides 174distillation, simple and fractional47eefficient packing 40electrode activity andconcentration 122electrolysis 121–2electron structure of metals 104electrons 15–18elementsatomic volumes of 33boiling points of 31first ionization energies of 27melting points of 29organization of 25periodic table 26, 36endothermic reactions 139energy levels 23esters 165ethene 158exothermic reactions 139ffertilizers, nitrate 79first ionization energy 27–8fission, nuclear 184flame tests on metals 115fractional distillation 47of crude oil 152fullerenes 149functional groups 162ggas-liquid chromatography 50gases in air 69Geiger and Marsden’s apparatus14graphite 148hHaber process 74–5half-life 180–1halogens 91–2, 95–7homologous series 162hydrocarbons, naming of 155hydrogen 22–3, 64–8hydrogen chloride 94iionic bonding 41ionic crystals, structure of 38ionic radicals 42ionic salts 59ionic solutions 60ionization energies of transitionmetals 105ionizing radiation 175ironsmelting of 107reactions of 112isotopesnaturally occurring 191–7radioactive 182stable and unstable 179© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.Indexcatalysts 141–2cathode ray oscilloscopes 17changes in matter 45–63chemical combination 41–4chemical reactions 119–47chlorine, compounds of 93chromatography 49–50collision theory 131colloids 46compounds, molecular, masses of37contact process 85–6coordinate bonding 44copperreactions of 111–12smelting and conversion of 110copper sulfate, solubility of 63covalent bonding 43crude oil, fractional distillation of152crystal structure of metals 39–40crystals, ionic 3820 8INDEXllattice structure of metals 39luminescence 24mmassatomic 35molecular 37mass spectrometry 50melting points 29–30metal hydroxides 116metal ions 117metallic carbonates 129metalscrystal structure of 39–40electron structure of 104extraction of 113group 1 and group 2 100–3ores of 99reactivity of 114, 119–20tests on 115–17uses of 118world distribution of 98mixtures 45molecular mass 37mole, the 21molecules, size and motion of 19monosaccharides 173n© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.naturally occurring isotopes191–7neptunium series 189neutralization of alkalis, bases andacids 127–30nitrate fertilizers 79nitric acid 76–7nitrogen 70–1, 77–8nitrogen cycle 72nuclear power 183–5ooptical isomerism 171ores of metals 99, 113organic compounds 167oscilloscopes 17oxidation and oxidation states88, 143, 147oxides of sulfur 84oxygen 80–3, 88–9ppaper chromatography 49periodic table 26, 36pH scale 51, 55planetscomposition of 11density, size, and atmosphere of12polymers 159–61polysaccharides 174proteins 172proton transfer 127–30rradiationsdetection of 176properties of 177–8radioactivity 175–97of decay sequences 190reaction rates 132–8reactivity of metals 119–20redox reactions 144–6of halogens 96reduction of oxygen and sulfur88refining processes 152–3rusting 109ssaltsformation of 126ionic 59separation of solutions 48sewage 57simple distillation 47smeltingof copper 110of iron 107soaps 166sodium 101soil 55solar system 10solubility, solutions and solvents45, 48, 59, 61–3stars 8–9steel manufacture 108sulfur 80–3, 88, 90oxides of 84sulfuric acid 85–7ttemperature, effect on reactionrates of 137–8thorium series 188titration of acids 53–4transition metals 104–5as catalysts 142uuranium series 186wwater 56–9, 67, 87.
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