Chemistry - an illustrated guide to science (794128), страница 33
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Thehalf-life for this decay is 6.75 hours.A#XZ+1+e-+~$Pa +e-+~$YGeneral sequence of beta decay234A#Th9091Example of beta decay: thorium decay to protactinium4 Beta particle spectrum4 Beta particle spectrumg● The© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.4General sequence of alpha decay2 Alpha particle spectrumground state of the thoriumn u clide is at a higher energy than theground state of the protractiniumnucleus.● Some energy is released in the form ofkinetic energy, which is carried by thebeta particle.● The remaining energy is released asgamma radiation.A–4"#j#j#j~$k~$kh!!ll!liabcdnuclide zexcited states of Z – 2excited states of Z – 2ground state of Z – 2efghalpha particle energygamma radiationnuclide Zexcited state of Z + 1ijklground state of Z + 1beta particle energyneutrino energygamma radiation191Table of naturallyoccurring isotopes 1RADIOACTIVITYKey wordsTable of masses and abundance of naturally occurring isotopesSymbol01NeutronHydrogennH2HeliumHe3LithiumLi45BerylliumBoronBeB6CarbonC7NitrogenN8OxygenO910FluorineNeonFNe1112SodiumMagnesiumNaMg1314AluminumSiliconAlSi1516PhosphorusSulfurPS17ChlorineCl18ArgonAr19PotassiumK20CalciumCa21ScandiumSc* denotes radioactive isotopeMassnumber(A)Percentage1123467910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334363537363840*39404140424344464845—99.990.011.3 × 10 –11007.492.610019.680.498.91.199.60.499.760.040.2010090.90.38.810078.810.211.119992.24.73.110095.00.84.20.0175.524.50.340.0699.693.10.0126.997.00.60.12.10.0030.2100AtomicmassAtomic number1.0086651.0078252.0141023.0160304.0026046.0151267.0160059.01218610.01293911.00930512.00000013.00335414.00307415.00010815.99491516.99913317.99916018.99840519.99244020.99384921.99138422.98977323.98504524.98584025.98259126.98153527.97692728.97649129.97376130.97376331.97207432.97146033.96786435.96709134.96885436.96589535.96754837.96272430.96238438.96371439.96400849.96183539.96258941.95862842.95878043.95549045.95368947.95251944.955919● Theatom ic n u m ber (Z) of an elementis the number of protons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.All atoms of the same element havethe same atomic number.Element● “Element” refersto the common nameof the element.
This list is restricted tothe 89 naturally occurring elements.Symbol● “Symbol” refersto the shorthand formof the element’s name used inchemical equations.Mass number● Them ass n u m ber (A) represents thenumber of protons or neutrons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.Not all atoms of the same elementhave the same mass number. Atoms ofan element that have different massnumbers are called isotopes.Percentage● “Percentage” refersto isotopicabundance. For example, 99.99percent of naturally-occurringhydrogen has the mass number 1.Only 0.01 percent has the massnumber 2.Atomic mass● “Atom icm ass” refers to the averageatomic mass of that element's isotopeweighted by isotopic abundance.© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.Atomic Elementnumber(Z)atomic massatomic numberisotopemass number192RADIOACTIVITYKey wordsatomic massatomic numberisotopemass numberAtomic number● Theatom ic n u m ber (Z) of an elementis the number of protons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.All atoms of the same element havethe same atomic number.Table of naturallyoccurring isotopes 2Table of masses and abundance of naturally occurring isotopesAtomic Elementnumber(Z)SymbolMassnumber(A)PercentageAtomicmass4647484950 *505150525354555456575859586061626463656466676870697170727374767574767778808279817880828384868.07.374.05.55.20 .2599.754.383.89.52.410 05.891.72.20 .310 067.826.21.23.71.169.130.948.927.84.118.60 .660.539.520.527.47.736.77.710 00 .99.07.623.549.89.250.649.40 .32.311.611.556.917.445.95263346.9517647.94794848.94786749.94478949.94716550.94397849.94605151.94051452.940 65153.93887954.93805453.9396255.9349356.9353957.9332758.93318957.9353459.9307860.9310561.9283463.9279662.9295964.9277963.92914565.9260566.9271567.9248669.9253568.9256870.9248469.9242871.9217472.923473.921175.921474.9215873.922475.9192376.9199377.9173579.9165181.916778.9183580.9163477.92036879.9163981.9134882.9141383.91150 485.910 6222TitaniumTi23VanadiumV● “Element” refers24ChromiumCrSymbol2526ManganeseIronMFe2728CobaltNickelCoNi29CopperCu30ZincZn31GalliumGa32GermaniumGe3334ArsenicSeleniumAsSe35BromineBr36KryptonKrElementto the common nameof the element.
This list is restricted tothe 89 naturally occurring elements.● “Symbol” refersto the shorthand formof the element’s name used inchemical equations.Mass number● Them ass n u m ber (A) represents thenumber of protons or neutrons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.Not all atoms of the same elementhave the same mass number.
Atoms ofan element that have different massnumbers are called isotopes.Percentage● “Percentage” refersto isotopicabundance. For example, 99.99percent of naturally-occurringhydrogen has the mass number 1.Only 0.01 percent has the massnumber 2.Atomic massm ass” refers to the averageatomic mass of that element's isotopeweighted by isotopic abundance.© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.● “Atom ic* denotes radioactive isotope193Table of naturallyoccurring isotopes 3RADIOACTIVITYKey wordsTable of masses and abundance of naturally occurring isotopesSymbol37RubidiumRb38StrontiumSr3940YttriumZirconiumYZr4142NiobiumMolybdenumNbMo43TechnetiumTc44RutheniumRu4546RhodiumPalladiumRhPd47SilverAg48CadmiumCd49IndiumIn* denotes radioactive isotopeMassnumber(A)Percentage72.18527.987*0.6849.9867.08782.58810089*51.59011.29117.19217.4942.8961009315.9929.19415.79516.5969.49723.8989.6100has no stable or naturallyoccuring isotopes5.6961.99812.79912.610017.110131.610218.51041001031.010211.010422.210527.310626.710811.811051.410748.61091.21060.910812.411012.711124.111212.311328.81147.61164.311395.7115*AtomicmassAtomic number84.911786.909283.9133885.909386.908987.905688.905489.904390.905291.904693.906195.908292.906091.906393.904794.905795.904596.905797.905599.907695.907697.90598.9061101.9037103.9055102.9048101.9049103.9036104.9046105.9032107.9039109.9045106.9050108.9047105.9059107.9040109.9030110.9041111.9028112.9046113.9036115.9050112.9043114.9041● Theatom ic n u m ber (Z) of an elementis the number of protons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.All atoms of the same element havethe same atomic number.Element● “Element” refersto the common nameof the element.
This list is restricted tothe 89 naturally occurring elements.Symbol● “Symbol” refersto the shorthand formof the element’s name used inchemical equations.Mass number● Them ass n u m ber (A) represents thenumber of protons or neutrons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.Not all atoms of the same elementhave the same mass number. Atoms ofan element that have different massnumbers are called isotopes.Percentage● “Percentage” refersto isotopicabundance.
For example, 99.99percent of naturally-occurringhydrogen has the mass number 1.Only 0.01 percent has the massnumber 2.Atomic mass● “Atom icm ass” refers to the averageatomic mass of that element's isotopeweighted by isotopic abundance.© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.Atomic Elementnumber(Z)atomic massatomic numberisotopemass number194RADIOACTIVITYKey wordsatomic massatomic numberisotopemass numberAtomic number● Theatom ic n u m ber (Z) of an elementis the number of protons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.All atoms of the same element havethe same atomic number.Table of naturallyoccurring isotopes 4Table of masses and abundance of naturally occurring isotopesAtomic Elementnumber(Z)SymbolMassnumber(A)PercentageAtomicmass112114115116117118119120122124121123120122123124125126128130127124126128129130131132134136133130132134135136137138138*139136138140142*1411.00.60.314.27.624.08.833.04.76.057.342.70.12.40.94.67.018.731.834.51000.10.11.926.44.121.226.910.48.91000.10.22.66.78.111.970.40.199.90.20.288.511.1100111.9049113.9030114.9035115.9021116.9031117.9018118.9034119.9021121.9034123.9052120.9037122.9041119.9045121.9030122.9042123.9028124.9044125.90324127.9047129.9067126.90435123.9061125.90417127.90354128.90478129.90351130.90509131.90416133.90540135.90722132.9051129.90625131.9051133.9043134.9056135.9044136.9056137.9050137.9068138.9061135.9071137.9057139.90528141.9090140.9073950TinSn51AntimonySb52TelluriumTe5354IodineXenonIXe5556CesiumBariumCaBa57LanthanumLa58CeriumCe59Praseodymium PrElement● “Element” refersto the common nameof the element.
This list is restricted tothe 89 naturally occurring elements.Symbol● “Symbol” refersto the shorthand formof the element’s name used inchemical equations.Mass number● Them ass n u m ber (A) represents thenumber of protons or neutrons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.Not all atoms of the same elementhave the same mass number. Atoms ofan element that have different massnumbers are called isotopes.Percentage● “Percentage” refersto isotopicabundance.
For example, 99.99percent of naturally-occurringhydrogen has the mass number 1.Only 0.01 percent has the massnumber 2.Atomic massm ass” refers to the averageatomic mass of that element's isotopeweighted by isotopic abundance.© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.● “Atom ic* denotes radioactive isotope195Table of naturallyoccurring isotopes 5RADIOACTIVITYKey wordsTable of masses and abundance of naturally occurring isotopesSymbol60NeodymiumNd6162PromethiumSamariumPmSm63EuropiumEu64GadoliniumGd65666768TerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumTbDyHoEr6970ThuliumYtterbiumTmYb71LutetiumLu* denotes radioactive isotopeMassnumber(A)PercentageAtomicmass27.3141.9074814212.3142.90 96214323.8143.90 990144*8.3144.912214517.1145.91271465.7147.91651485.5149.920 7150has no naturally occuring isotope1443.1143.9116147*15.1146.9146214811.3146.914614914.0148.91691507.5149.917015226.6151.919315422.4153.921715147.8150.919615352.2152.92071520 .2151.91941542.2153.920215515.1154.922015620.6155.922215715.7156.924015824.5157.924216021.7159.927315910 0158.9241560 .11580 .1159.9241602.3160.92616119.0161.92616225.5162.92816324.9163.92816428.1164.93016510 01620 .1163.9291641.6165.92916633.4166.93116722.9167.93116827.117014.9169.93516910 01680 .11703.117114.4171.92917221.917316.2173.92617431.717612.617597.4175.9414176*2.6Atomic number● Theatom ic n u m ber (Z) of an elementis the number of protons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.All atoms of the same element havethe same atomic number.Element● “Element” refersto the common nameof the element.
This list is restricted tothe 89 naturally occurring elements.Symbol● “Symbol” refersto the shorthand formof the element’s name used inchemical equations.Mass number● Them ass n u m ber (A) represents thenumber of protons or neutrons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.Not all atoms of the same elementhave the same mass number. Atoms ofan element that have different massnumbers are called isotopes.Percentage● “Percentage” refersto isotopicabundance. For example, 99.99percent of naturally-occurringhydrogen has the mass number 1.Only 0.01 percent has the massnumber 2.Atomic mass● “Atom icm ass” refers to the averageatomic mass of that element's isotopeweighted by isotopic abundance.© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.Atomic Elementnumber(Z)atomic massatomic numberisotopemass number196RADIOACTIVITYKey wordsatomic massatomic numberisotopemass numberAtomic number● Theatom ic n u m ber (Z) of an elementis the number of protons in thenucleus of one atom of that element.All atoms of the same element havethe same atomic number.Element● “Element” refersto the common nameof the element.
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