Biology - An Illustrated Guide to Science (794127)
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SCIENCE VISUAL RESOURCESBIOLOGYAn Illustrated Guide to ScienceThe Diagram GroupBiology: An Illustrated Guide to ScienceCopyright © 2006 The Diagram GroupAuthor:Gareth PriceEditorial:Jamie StokesConsultant:Helen FortinDesign:Anthony Atherton, Richard Hummerstone,Tim Noel-Johnson, Lee Lawrence, Phil RichardsonIllustration:Peter WilkinsonPicture research:Neil McKennaIndexer:Martin HargreavesAll rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any formor by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, orby any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing fromthe publisher. For information contact:Chelsea HouseAn imprint of Infobase Publishing132 West 31st StreetNew York NY 10001For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data,please contact the publisher.ISBN-10: 0-8160-6162-9ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6162-4Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulkquantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please callour Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755.You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web athttp://www.chelseahouse.comPrinted in ChinaCP Diagram 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2This book is printed on acid-free paper.IntroductionBiology is one of eight volumes of The Science Visual ResourcesSet.
It contains six principle sections, a comprehensive glossary, aweb site guide, and an index.Biology is a learning tool for students and teachers. Full-colordiagrams, graphs, charts, and maps on every page illustrate theessential elements of the subject, while bulleted text provides keydefinitions and step-by-step explanations.Unity looks at the basic chemistry of all biological systems such ascarbohydrates, fats, and proteins and describes the essentialinstruments and techniques of biology. The section also illustratesthe most vital life processes, from photosynthesis to respiration.Continuity considers the ways in which biological systemsreproduce.
The section covers the basics of all forms of biologicalreproduction, from those of unicellular organisms to floweringplants and mammals. It also details the genetic mechanisms ofinheritance.Diversity provides an overview of the vast range of living organismsthat inhabit Earth. It describes the major categories that biologistsuse to classify these organisms and provides examples of each.Maintenance examines the ways in which various living organismscarry out everyday life processes such as breathing, eating,movement, and excretion.Human biology takes a closer look at the essential biologicalstructures and functions of the human body.
It describes how theraw materials required are taken in, digested, and transported towhere they are needed; how waste products are removed; andhow the body is able to sense and interact with its environment.Ecology provides a brief look at how living organisms influence andare influenced by the planet on which they live. It traces thebroadest of all biological processes: the complex webs of survivalthat link the simplest bacteria to the most sophisticated carnivores.Finally, the section outlines the elemental relations by whichchemical and geological processes form the conditions for life.Contents1 UNITY8910111213141516171819202122232425262728Simple carbohydratesComplex carbohydratesImportant polysaccharidesAmino acidsProtein structureClassification of proteinsEnzymes: mechanismEnzymes and coenzymesEnzymes and inhibitorsFatty acids and glycerolLight microscopeCells: light microscopeElectron microscopeAnimal cell: electronmicroscopePlant cell: electronmicroscopeCell substructurePlasma membrane:structurePlasma membrane:osmosisPlasma membrane: activetransportPlasma membrane:endocytosisPlasma membrane:exocytosis29 Lysosomes30 Summary ofphotosynthesis31 Chloroplast: structure32 Chemistry ofphotosynthesis33 Summary of aerobicrespiration34 Mitochondrion: structure35 ATP structure36 Electron transfer chain37 Anaerobic respiration38 Chromosome structure39 Summary of proteinsynthesis40 Base pairing41 DNA structure42 DNA replication43 DNA transcription44 Rough endoplasmicreticulum: structure45 Transfer RNA46 Messenger RNAtranslation47 Gene control48 Transformation49 Genetic engineering2 CONTINUITY50 Mitosis in an animal cell51 Asexual reproduction:fission52 Asexual reproduction:vegetative propagation53 Meiosis: first division54 Meiosis: second division55 Crossing over and geneticvariation56 Flower structure575859606162Mature stamenPollen formationPollinationPlant fertilizationSeed developmentHuman reproductivesystem: male63 Human reproductivesystem: female64 Spermatogenesis: testis65 Spermatogenesis:sperm66 Oogenesis: meioticdivision67 Oogenesis: ovarian cycle68 Sexual intercourse69 Human fertilization70 Contraception71 Twins72 Fetal development73 Placenta74 Birth75 Variation76 Monohybrid cross: peas77 Dihybrid cross: guineapigs78 Codominance79 Karyotype preparation80 Human chromosomes81 Human sex inheritance82 Human sex linkage:hemophilia83 Amniocentesis84 Inheritance of bloodgroups85 Chromosome mutation:types86 Chromosome mutation:syndromes87 Gene mutation: types88 Gene mutation: sicklecell shape89 Gene mutation: sicklecell anemia90 Evidence for evolution:primitive and advanced91 Evidence for evolution:adaptive radiation92 Evidence for evolution:continental drift3 DIVERSITY93 Classification of livingorganisms94 Kingdom Monera:Bacteria95 Kingdom Protista:Amoeba96 Kingdom Protista:Paramecium97 Kingdom Protista:Spirogyra98 Kingdom Fungi:Rhizopus99 Kingdom Plantae:classification100 Kingdom Plantae:Bryophyta101 Kingdom Plantae:Pteridophyta102 Kingdom Plantae:Gymnospermae103 Kingdom Plantae:Angiospermae104 Kingdom Plantae:Angiospermae: life cycle105 Kingdom Animalia:classification106 Kingdom Animalia:Porifera107 Kingdom Animalia:Cnidaria108 Kingdom Animalia:Platyhelminthes109 Kingdom Animalia:Platyhelminthes:tapeworm110 Kingdom Animalia:Platyhelminthes: liverfluke111 Kingdom Animalia:Nematoda112 Kingdom Animalia:Nematoda: life cycle113 Kingdom Animalia:Annelida114 Kingdom Animalia:Mollusca115 Kingdom Animalia:Mollusca: Gastropoda116 Kingdom Animalia:Insecta117 Kingdom Animalia:Crustacea118 Kingdom Animalia:Chilopoda andDiplopoda119 Kingdom Animalia:Arachnida120 Kingdom Animalia:Echinodermata121 Kingdom Animalia:Chondrichthyes122 Kingdom Animalia:Osteichthyes123 Kingdom Animalia:Amphibia124 Kingdom Animalia:Reptilia125 Kingdom Animalia: Aves126 Kingdom Animalia:Mammalia4 MAINTENANCE127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141Nutrition: typesNutrition: ProtistaNutrition: leaf structureNutrition: stomataTransport: stem structureTransport: woody stemTransport: root structureTransport: water andminerals in plantsTransport: food in plantsTransport: frogRespiration: plantsRespiration: gasexchange across bodysurfacesRespiration: respiratorysurfaces in animalsRespiration: fishRespiration: frog142 Coordination: nervoussystems143 Excretion andosmoregulation: Protista144 Locomotion: earthworm145 Locomotion:grasshopper146 Reproduction: viruses147 Reproduction: butterfly148 Reproduction: frog149 Growth anddevelopment: plants:monocotyledons150 Growth anddevelopment: plants:dicotyledons151 Growth anddevelopment: plants:tropisms5 HUMAN BIOLOGY152 Nutrition: digestivesystem153 Nutrition: teeth154 Nutrition: liver, stomach,and pancreas155 Nutrition: small intestine156 Nutrition: digestion andabsorption157 Transport: circulatorysystem map158 Transport: circulatorysystem scheme159 Transport: heartstructure160 Transport: heartbeat161 Transport: regulation ofheartbeat162 Transport: blood vessels163 Transport: capillaries andtissues164 Transport: lymphaticsystem165 Transport: bloodcomposition166 Transport: blood types167 Respiration: respiratorysystem168 Respiration: lungs169 Respiration: breathing170 Excretion: excretorysystems171 Excretion: urinary system172 Excretion: kidneystructure173 Excretion: kidneyfunction174 Excretion: skin structure175 Coordination: nervoussystem176 Coordination: nerveimpulse177 Coordination: synapse178 Coordination: autonomicnervous system179 Coordination: brainstructure180 Coordination: brainfunction181 Coordination: taste182 Coordination: smell183 Coordination: earstructure184 Coordination: hearingand balance185 Coordination: eyestructure186 Coordination: lightsensitivity187 Coordination: endocrinesystem188 Coordination: pituitarygland189 Locomotion: skeleton190 Locomotion: joints6 ECOLOGY191192193194Terrestrial biomesCarbon cycleNitrogen cycleWater cycleAPPENDIXES198 Key words205 Internet resources207 Index195 Energy flow196 Pyramid of biomass197 Food web8UNITYKey wordscondensationreactionglycosidic bondstarchsugarSimple carbohydratesTypes of carbohydratecarbohydratessugarsTypes of carbohydrateCarbohydrates are chemicalcompounds that contain carbon andthe elements of water: hydrogen andoxygen.
A few also contain nitrogen orsulfur.● There are two main groups ofcarbohydrates: sugars and starches.● Sugars are small, water solublemolecules that taste sweet. Starchesare very large, insoluble molecules.● Carbohydrates may bemonosaccharides, disaccharides, orpolysaccharides.●monosaccharides(CH2O)n *disaccharidespolysaccharidesMonosaccharides●Simple sugars all have the samegeneral formula Cn(H2O)n. Thesimplest common sugar found inanimals is glucose (C6H12O6). Glucosehas two molecular forms: a straightchain and a ring. About 98 percent ofthe sugar molecules in a solution arein ring form.DisaccharidesDisaccharides (see page 9) are sugarsmade by linking together twomonosaccharide rings by acondensation reaction.
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