Biology - An Illustrated Guide to Science (794127), страница 37
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(2) The sample studiedunder a microscope.spermatids A cell produced by meiosis that maturesinto a spermatozoon.spermatogonium A cell that divides repeatedly toproduce a line of spermatids and hence spermatozoa.spermatozoon The male gamete in many higheranimals, including humans.spinal cord The collection of nerve tissue in the spinalcanal. It is part of the central nervous system.spiracle In insects and some arachnids, the externalopening of the tracheal system.spleen An organ in the abdominal cavity concerned withdestruction of old red blood corpuscles.spore In primitive plants, a reproductive cell, formedwithout the union of sexual cells, that gives rise to anew organism.sporophyte The generation that produces sporeswithout sexual reproduction.stamen In flowering plants, the male reproductiveorgan that produces pollen.
It is composed of an antherand a filament.starch A large carbohydrate molecule made up of smallsugar molecules joined together in a chain.stigma In flowering plants, the sticky part of the carpelthat receives pollen.stimulus That which produces a response in anorganism.stoma In plants, an opening in the epidermis of a leafthat allows for the exchange of gases.stroma The chlorophyll-free matrix between the granain chlorplasts. It is involved in the light independentreaction.style The narrow elongated part of the carpel betweenthe ovary and the stigma.suberin A waxy substance used to waterproof certaincell walls in the endodermis.substitution In genetics, a mutation in which a singlebase is changed for another one.substrate (1) The surface on which a plant or animalgrows or is attached.
(2) The chemical an enzyme workson to produce the product.sugar A soluble carbohydrate composed of one or a fewmonosaccharide units.© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.KEY WORDS204KEY WORDS© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.sympathetic nervous system Part of the autonomicnervous system that prepares the body for dealing withdemanding or dangerous situations.synapse The place where two nerve cells meet. Thecells do not touch, but the gap between them is verysmall.synovial joint A joint between two bones that allowsconsiderable movement.systole The phase of the heartbeat when the muscle iscontracting.telophase The final phase of cell division in which thetwo daughter cells separate.telophase II The second telophase in meiosis duringwhich the visible chromosomes disappear and thenuclear membrane reappears.tentacle In invertebrates, a long slender extension ofthe body, often containing sense organs, used forfeeding, grasping, and swimming.testis The male sex organ that produces sperm.thalamus The portion of the brain that transmitssensory information to the cerebrum.thorax (1) The chest region between the head and theabdomen.
(2) In insects, the segment of the body thatbears the legs.thylakoid A flattened photosynthetic membrane presentin chloroplasts.tracheole A thin tube carrying air throughout the bodyof an insect.transcription The manufacture of an RNA moleculefrom information contained in DNA.transformation The genetic alteration of a cell ororganism by the incorporation of exogeneous DNA.transfer RNA (tRNA) A type of RNA with an amino acidat one end of a molecule and three exposed bases atthe other.translation The manufacture of a protein based oninformation contained in an RNA molecule.translocation A mutation in which a part of onechromosome is transferred to, or exchanged for,another part of a different chromosome.transpiration Evaporation of water from a plant.trophic level The level at which an organism gets itsfood. Primary producers are level one, primaryconsumers are level two, etc.tropism A directional growth in a plant in response toan outside stimulus.tuber A swollen underground stem or root used forstorage.ultrafiltration Filtration of the blood in the Bowman’scapsule of the nephrons.umbilical cord The cord that connects the fetus to theplacenta.urea A white soluble crystalline substance made in theliver from waste amino acids and passed out of thebody in solution as urine.ureter The tube leading from the kidney to the bladder.uterus The organ in female mammals in which the fetusdevelops during pregnancy.vacuole A membrane-bound sac in a cell usuallycontaining nutrients and water.vascular bundle A strand of vascular tissue composedof xylem and phloem that conducts fluids in higherplants.vas deferens The tube that carries sperm from thetestes.vein (1) In animals, a blood vessel carrying low-pressureblood toward the heart.
(2) In plants, the vascularbundle and supporting tissue in a leaf.ventricle The chamber of the heart that receives bloodfrom the atrium and pumps it into the arteries.vertebrate An animal that has a bony or cartilaginousbackbone, skeleton, and skull containing a brain.villus A small projection on the inner surface of the gutthat increases the surface area and so speeds upabsorption.virus An infectious agent composed of nucleic acidwrapped in protein that replicates only within a livinghost cell.
Some viruses cause very serious diseases.vitreous humor The clear, jelly-like material between thelens and the retina of the eye.water cycle The continuous process of recycling waterbetween Earth and the atmosphere.white blood cell A blood cell, made in lymph nodes andthe bone marrow, that fights infection.xylem The tissue that carries water and dissolvedmineral salts in plants.zygote The cell produced by the fusion of gametes.
Thefertilized ovum before cell division.205INTERNET RESOURCESInternet resourcesBBC Nature-WildfactsFacts about and images of thousands of species.http://www.bbc.co.ukThe Biology ProjectThere is a lot of useful information on the internet.Information on a particular topic may be availablethrough a search engine such as Google(http://www.google.com). Some of the sites that arefound in this way may be very useful, others not.Below is a selection of Web sites related to thematerial covered by this book.The publisher takes no responsibility for theinformation contained within these Web sites.All the sites were accessible in March 2006.Resources in biochemistry, cell biology, human biology,genetics, and molecular biology.http://www.biology.arizona.eduBioNewsThe latest news and discoveries from the worldwidebiology community.http://www.bionews.in/biologynews.htmBiotech Life Science DictionaryOver 8,000 terms dealing with biochemistry,biotechnology, botany, cell biology, and genetics.http://biotech.icmb.utexas.eduAccess ExcellenceBrains Rule!A resource for teachers and students of health andbioscience provided by the National Health Museum.Information, interactive games, and lesson plans onthe human brain; includes “Ask the Brain Expert” and“Meet a Neuroscientist” features.American Association for the Advancementof ScienceInformation on scientific developments and educationprograms for all ages.http://www.aaas.orgAnatomy of the Human BodyOnline version of Gray’s Anatomy—over 13,000entries and 1,200 images.http://www.bartleby.com/107Animal Diversity WebDatabase of natural history, distribution, classification,and conservation biology.http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.eduAnimal PhysiologyClear, concise presentation of animal classification andphysiology.http://www.teachnet.ie/farmnet/Animal_physiology.htmArkiveFilm, photographs, and audio of endangered species.http://www.arkive.orghttp://www.brainsrule.comCells AliveAnimations, movie clips, and interactive diagrams ofcells and cell processes.http://www.cellsalive.comCurriculum Center: Discoveryschool.comClassroom activities supporting core curriculumtopics.http://school.discovery.com/curriculumcenterDNA-InteractiveA comprehensive overview of the science of DNA.http://www.dnai.orgDr.
Saul’s Biology in MotionInteractive biology learning featuring animations ofbasic biological processes.http://biologyinmotion.comThe Electronic NaturalistFeatures catagorized units with illustrations,experiments, and other activities aimed at the youngnaturalist.http://www.enaturalist.orgAsk a BiologistEverythingBioAn educational resource for students K–12, theirteachers and parents.The “all encompassing biology resource.” Includes avast links section.http://askabiologist.asu.eduhttp://www.everythingbio.com© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.http://www.accessexcellence.org206INTERNET RESOURCESExploratoriumNASA Astrobiology InstituteExperiments, exhibits, and sound and video filesexploring hundreds of different topics.The study of the origin, evolution, distribution, andfuture of life in the universe.http://www.exploratorium.eduThe Franklin Institute Online: BioPointHotlistLinks to hundreds of excellent sites on a wide varietyof biology topics.http://sln.fi.edu/qa97/biology/biolist.htmlFroguts.comVirtual frog dissection using photos of frogs recycledfrom schools.http://www.froguts.comThe Geee! In GenomeAn overview of the science of genetics from theCanadian Museum of Nature.http://nature.caGenetic Science Learning CenterActivities and information on topics in genetics,genetic disorders, and genetics in society.http://gslc.genetics.utah.eduHHMI’s BiointeractiveVirtual labs, activities, and interactive demonstrationson many subjects related to the human body andhealth.http://www.biointeractive.orgHuman Anatomy On LineOver 100 descriptions, animations, and anatomyimages detailing body systems and organs.http://www.innerbody.comKimball’s Biology PagesOnline biology encyclopedia.http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPagesNational Biological InformationInfrastructure: BotanyA large resource of links to all areas of botanyincluding extensive kids’ and teachers’ sections.http://www.nbii.govNational Wildlife FederationWeb site of the organization dedicated to thepreservation of America’s wildlife since 1936.http://www.nwf.orgRed Gold: The Epic Story of BloodDescribes blood production and function; discussesfacts and myths about blood and its impact oneverything from religion to commerce and popularculture.http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/about/index.htmlThe Tree of LifePresents an overview of the “evolutionary tree thatunites all organisms on Earth.”http://tolweb.orgThe Virtual Cell Web PageInteractive, animated exploration of the cell withvirtual textbook.http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcellThe Virtual Library of Biochemistry and CellBiologyAdvanced papers and articles on all aspects ofbiochemistry and cell biology.http://www.biochemweb.orgMicrobeWorldWorld Biodiversity DatabaseProvides information about all aspects of microbiologyand includes a dedicated section for kids andeducators.Taxonomic database and information systemdocumenting and disseminating information on allknown species.http://www.microbeworld.org© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.http://nai.arc.nasa.govhttp://www.eti.uva.nl/tools/wbd-php207INDEXIndex of subject headings.aabsorption of nutrition 156adaptive radiation 91aerobic respiration 33amino acids 11amniocentesis 83amoeba 95amphibia 123anaerobic respiration 37angiospermae 103–4animalia 105–26annelida 113arachnida 119asexual reproduction 51–2ATP structure 35autonomic nervous system 178aves 125bbacteria 94base pairing 40biomes 191birth 74blood composition 165blood types 84, 166blood vessels 162brain structure and function179–80breathing 169bryophyta 100butterflies 147ccapillaries 163carbohydrates 8–9carbon cycle 192cells 19–23chilopoda 118chloroplast structure 31chondrichthyes 121chromosomes 38, 80, 85–6circulatory system 157–58ddicotyledons 149digestion 152, 156dihybrid crosses 77diplopoda 118DNA 41–3dominance, incomplete 78eear structure and function183–84earthworms 144echinodermata 120electron microscopes 20electron transfer chain 36endocrine system 187endocytosis 27energy flow 195enzymes 14evolution, evidence for 90–2excretion 143, 170–74exocytosis 27eye structure 185ffatty acids 17fertilizationhuman 69of plants 60fetal development 72fish, respiration in 140fission 51flower structure 56food in plants 135food webs 197frogs 136, 141, 148fungi 98ggas exchange across body surfaces138gastropoda 115gene control 47gene mutation 87–9genetic engineering 49genetic variation 55glycerol 17grasshoppers 145guinea pigs 77gymnospermae 102hheartbeat 160–61heart structure 159hemophilia 82human fertilization 69human reproduction 62–3iinheritance of blood groups 84inhibitors 16insecta 116jjoints 190kkaryotype preparation 79kidneys 172–73lleaf structure 129light sensitivity 186liver flukes 110liver function 154living organisms, classification of93, 99, 105locomotion 144–45, 189–90lungs 168lymphatic system 164lysosomes 29© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.Indexclassification of living organisms93, 99, 105coelenterata 107coenzymes 15continental drift 92contraception 70crosses, monohybrid and dihybrid76–7crossing over 55crustacea 117208INDEXmmammalia 126meiosis 53–4meiotic division 66messenger RNA 46microscopes 18–22minerals in plants 134mitochondrian structure 34mitosis 50mollusca 114–15monera 94monocotyledons 150monohybrid crosses 76mutationof chromosomes 85–6of genes 87–9nnematoda 111–12nerve impulses 176nervous systems 142, 175–78nitrogen cycle 193nutrition 127–30, 152–56ooogenesis 66–7osmoregulation 143osmosis 25osteichthyes 122ovarian cycle 67p© Diagram Visual Information Ltd.pancreas 154paramecium 96peas 76photosynthesis 30–2pituitary gland 188placenta 73plantae 99–104plant fertilization 60plant growth and development149–51plant respiration 137plasma membrane 24–8platyhelminthes 108–10pollen and pollination 58–9polysaccharides 10porifera 106protein synthesis 39proteins 12–13protista 95–7, 128, 143pteridophyta 101pyramid biomass 196rreproduction 146–48asexual 51–2human 62–3reptilia 124respiration 137–41, 167–69rhizopus 98RNA 45–6root structure 133rough endoplasmic reticulum 44sseed development 61sex inheritance, human 81sex linkage 82sexual intercourse 68sickle-cell anemia 89skeletal structure 189skin 174small intestine 155smell 182sperm and spermatogenesis64–5spirogyra 97stamens 57stem transport 131–32stomach 154stomata 130synapses 177syndromes 86ttapeworms 109taste 181teeth 153terrestrial biomes 191testis 64tissues 163transfer RNA 45transformation 48transport 131–36, 157–66tropisms 151twins 71uurinary system 171vvariation, biological 75vegetative propagation 51viruses 146wwater cycle 194water in plants 134.
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