Concepts with Symbian OS (779878), страница 65
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. . ;bootstrap . . . ; device driversconcepts 56, 58, 169–70, 210, 240files 169–70, 172external fragmentation, concepts 149–50,181–2F32 295319fast Semaphore Wait state, nanothreads77–78FAT file systems 42, 182–5, 188–9fault tolerance, file systems 186fax 251, 272–3, 276, 280see also messagingFCBs (file control blocks) 178, 179–2FCFS see first-come-first-served strategyfetch–execute cycle (core computing cycle)29, 204FIFO queues 90file control blocks (FCBs) 178, 179–2file servers 39, 42, 48–9, 53, 57, 93, 178,187–88, 190–4, 211–12, 222–6see also RF...; serversnaming considerations 222–3networked file systems 222–6replicated files 224file systemssee also storage structuresabstraction principles 167, 175–6access rights 32, 33–38, 189–4building blocks 167–75concepts 32, 42, 167–95, 216, 222–6FAT file systems 42, 182–5, 188–9fault tolerance 186generic implementation layers 175–78implementation issues 175–88Microsoft Windows 42, 170–2, 182–3,188–90mobile phones 188–9, 193–4networks 222–6NTFS 185–6, 305permissions 190–4remote file systems 187–88roots 171, 180, 190, 279security issues 189–4Symbian OS 42, 193–4, 227Unix 186–7, 191–2, 305VFAT file system 183–5files 32, 39, 41–2, 167–95, 216, 222–6see also databases; directories; disksaccess issues 170–1, 174–5, 181, 189–4applications 171–2, 178320INDEXfiles (continued )attributes 169–1, 179–2binary files 168–9close operations 173, 178concepts 32, 39, 41–2, 167–95, 216create operations 172–3date/time of access 170–1, 181definition 167–68defragmentation 182delete operations 174direct (random) access 174–5, 205extensions 169–70, 172group identification 170–1, 190–4historical background 169, 182–5, 216identification issues 170–1, 190–4indexed access 175Linux 170–2, 188–9, 192–3logical/physical files 170–1, 178, 181–2Microsoft Windows 42, 170–2, 182–5,188–90, 223, 288names 169, 171, 181, 222–3open operations 173, 178, 179operation types 172–4, 178, 192–4owners 170–1, 181, 190–4partitions 168–9, 179pathnames 171, 222–3performance considerations 180–2,206–8read operations 173, 178, 192, 205, 209replication benefits 224reposition operations 173roots 171, 180, 190, 279sequential access 174–5, 205sizes 170–1, 181–3structural issues 168–9, 171–95tables 170–1, 174, 178truncate operations 174types 168–70users 170–1, 190–4write operations 173, 178, 194, 205, 209finger example, security issues 286, 292fingerprints 291Firewire 199first-come-first-served strategy (FCFS), processscheduling 94–6, 98, 116flags, synchronization operations 114–15flash storage 2, 31, 52, 146, 154, 167–68,177, 188–9FMSignal 127FMWait 127folders 32, 168, 277–79see also directoriesfork 79–1, 124–6forking issues, processes 72, 79–2, 124–6formats, message characteristics 265–7,273–5fragmentationdisks 180–2memory 149–50frames, physical memory 146–7, 159–1,162–3free space, storage media 182FreeBSD 91FSSignal 127FSWait 127function calls 5–6, 36, 42–3, 47, 49, 52–4,69–1, 76, 79–2, 207–9, 231–2, 279gatekeeper security model 294–6gateway servers 232general communications concepts 230–1,237see also communicationsGeneral Electric 8generic implementation layers, file systems175–78Gentoo Linux 14GetPhoneInfo 253–4Gif files 168, 272global memory 50, 128GPRS networks 226graphical user interfaces (GUIs)asynchronous device I/O 28historical background 13–16process scheduling 97The Great Wall of China 285INDEX321group identification, files 170–1, 190–4GSM protocol 57, 105, 234, 248, 250–1,254–5, 260, 263, 269–3GUIs see graphical user interfacesHTML pages 232HTTP 227, 232, 293human level, security issues 286–7, 292hybrid kernels, concepts 21–2HAL (hardware-abstraction layer) 210–11handheld computers 9–10, 14–15, 28,154–5, 247, 306constraints 14–15, 154–5historical background 9–10, 14–15, 247HangUp 260Hansen, Per Brinch 120hard disks see diskshard real-time systemssee also real-time .
. .concepts 16, 101–2hardwaresee also CPU; devices; disk . . . ; memory . . .access issues 32–38, 170–1, 174–5concepts 2–11, 17–45, 62–3, 156,167–68, 174–94, 198–14, 237–42concurrently-shared resources 34–5, 42,69, 109–36definition 3goals 3–4historical background 7–16, 33I/O issues 201–4interrupts 22–29, 35–6, 54–6, 204kernel structures 20–2, 47–59memory offloads 156new hardware 301–2operating systems 1–16, 17–45, 109–36protection issues 33–38, 48–9, 189–4,301–2virtual machines 300–8hardware-abstraction layer (HAL) 210–11Hayes command set, modems 248headers, messaging 265–71, 273–5, 278–9heaps, concepts 149, 155, 156–7, 161, 306hexadecimal 269–70hidden scheduling problems 104Hoare, C.A.R. 120host operating systems, concepts 300–8I/O 25–29, 38–9, 50–3, 64–5, 84–6,180–1, 197–214, 216, 225–7, 249–50abstraction principles 198, 204–5,210–11, 303blocking/nonblocking I/O 208–9,212–13buffers 206–7buses 198–14communications models 229–46,249–50components 198–1concepts 197–214, 216, 225–7, 229–46device controllers 22–4, 198–1, 216device drivers 198, 199–13diagrammatic overview 201DMA 203–4, 210–13errors 207hardware issues 201–4interrupts 204kernel structure 205–8, 210memory-mapped I/O 202–4network communications 225–7performance considerations 29, 180–1,205–7polling 203–4registers 202–4removable storage media 212–13sockets 39, 49, 130–2, 225–7, 235,243–5software issues 204–13spools 206–7Symbian OS 209–13timers 207–8types 198–1IBM350 disk file 169MS-DOS 8–9, 13, 19, 36, 169, 182–3MVS 40–1322INDEXIBM (continued )OS/360 8, 12, 40–1SMB 225identification issuesfiles 170–1, 190–4processes 32, 64, 66–7, 74, 113–16,287–88idle processes 100–1image filessee also filesconcepts 168, 272–3IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)268, 275–6IMC (Internet Mail Consortium) 272indexed access, files 175infrared connectivity 9, 10, 50–1, 226, 238,240–2, 249, 271, 272Initialize 255InitL 253–61inputsee also I/Oconcepts 3–7, 197–214Intel chips 1, 8–9, 36, 162interdependent distributed systems, concepts14interface designs 2interleaving processes 111–12, 207internal fragmentation, concepts 149–50,181–2International Telecommunication Union (ITU)273Internet 10–11, 14, 33–5, 39, 47, 67–68,218, 226, 232–5, 267, 268, 272, 275–6see also email; webInternet Engineering Task Force 267Internet Mail Consortium (IMC) 272Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)268, 275–6interprocess communication (IPC)concepts 128–2mail model 129phone model 129–30RPCs 130, 132sockets 130–2, 235Symbian OS 132interrupt service routines (ISRs) 23–5, 52–3,55–6, 204interrupt-request line 204interruptssee also system function callsbootstrap programs 24–5concepts 22–29, 35–6, 43, 49, 52–6, 72,91–4, 104–6, 204context-switches 25, 37–38, 40–1,49–50, 55, 74, 76, 82, 91–102,145–6, 156definition 23–4, 54dispatchers 91–4exceptions 24execution times 55, 105–6I/O 204implementation 54–6, 91–4latency requirements 55, 92, 103–4, 106maskable interrupts 24operating systems 22–29, 35–6, 43, 49,52–6, 72, 91–4, 104–6, 204phases 55–6priorities 55–6, 98, 104–6interval timers 208ioctl 205, 249IP addresses 218–19IPC see interprocess communicationIR see infrared .
. .IrCOMM 242ISO networking model 232–4ISRs (interrupt service routines) 23–5, 52–3,55–6, 204IsSupportedByModule 253–4ITU (International Telecommunication Union)273Java 43, 299, 303–7ME 305–6, 307virtual machine (JVM) 299, 303–7JFFS 189jobssee also processesINDEXmainframe systems 11–13, 62scheduling 12, 40–1join operations, process programming 79–2Jpeg files 168, 272JVM (Java virtual machine) 299, 303–7KERN-1 EXECerror 160kernelsee also micro .
. . ; monolithic . . . ;operating systemsactive components 48–2bootstrap programs 25, 51, 58, 76,178–9, 184–5, 223concepts 8–9, 16, 20–2, 25, 41–3,47–59, 104–6, 161–2, 205–8, 210,295–6, 300–8definition 20design issues 20–2, 47–53, 56–58diagrammatic overview 56–7hybrid kernels 21–2I/O structure 205–8, 210interrupt implementation 52–6, 91,104–6layers 48–58memory model 56–7, 161–2, 227nanokernel 48–58, 76–79, 126–7passive components 48, 49, 52–3performance considerations 51–2, 53,205–8roles 8–9, 20–2, 48–3, 54, 205–8, 300servers 20–2, 43, 47–59, 132structures 20–2, 47–59system function calls 53–4, 69–1, 207–9,231–2telephony 249–50types 20–2virtual machines 300–8kernel threadssee also threadsconcepts 70–1kernel-server requests 43LANs (local area networks)217–21323latency issues 55, 92, 103–4, 106LCD management 210–11ldd 141LDDs (logical device drivers) 52–3, 56–58,210–12, 239–40libraries 8, 49, 52–3, 139–1, 143–5lightweight processes (LWP)see also threadsconcepts 73–4, 77limit registers 37, 64Line abstraction, ETel 251, 256–7link editors 139–1Linux 1–2, 6, 14–15, 21–2, 28, 39–2,74–6, 79–1, 84, 91, 103–4, 141, 143,162–3, 170–2, 188–9, 192–3, 205,229–30, 243–5, 249–50, 281–3see also Unixcommunications models 229–30, 243–5,249–50, 281–3epochs 103–4files 170–2, 188–9, 192–3handheld systems 15, 28historical background 6, 14, 15, 41I/O 205, 243–5kernel 21–2, 162–3, 281–2memory management 143, 162–3messaging 264, 281–3MMU 143, 162–3module dependencies 141processes 74–6, 79–1, 84, 91, 103–4scheduling 103–4security issues 287shared process data 82, 91simplicity dangers 283telephony 249–50list, operating systems 7LoadPhoneModule 252–3local area networks (LANs) 217–21locks, semaphores 118–19log-structured file systems 188logical device drivers (LDDs), concepts52–3, 56–58, 210–12, 239–40logical file systems 170–1, 178, 181–2see also files324INDEXlogical memorysee also memory .
. .concepts 141–3, 146–54, 156–59, 216logical/physical addressing, memorymanagement 141–3, 146–54, 156–59,177–78loosely-coupled connections 218Mach kernel 91MacOS 91, 188macro-style interleavings 111–12magnetic disks 31, 138, 145–6, 163,167–68see also disksmail model, IPC concepts 129main memoryconcepts 30–1, 32, 137–65, 202–3definition 31mainframe systems, historical background11–13, 33, 40–1, 93MakeCall 258–60malicious code 35, 189, 194, 285, 292–6malloc 148–9many-to-many model of kernel threading 71many-to-one model of kernel threading70–1Mark I computer (1948) 7maskable interrupts 24master boot record (MBR) 178–9, 180Matsushita (Panasonic) 11MBR see master boot recordmemory 2–9, 15, 22, 30–2, 36–38, 49–3,56–7, 64–5, 77–79, 91–4, 128,137–65, 216, 221–3see also caches; flash .
. . ; RAM; ROMbinding processes 140–1coherence issues 222concepts 30–2, 36–38, 49–3, 56–7,64–5, 77–79, 91–4, 128, 137–65,216DMA 28–9, 203–4, 210–13implementation models 161–2main memory 30–1, 32, 137–65, 202–3MMUs 142–62performance considerations 51–2, 53,137–65protection issues 36–38, 40–1, 153–4,162–3, 216, 301–2record-keeping needs 28shared memory 137–65, 221–4virtual memory 22, 32, 40–1, 43, 151–4,159, 216memory managementallocation patterns 147–50, 162–3application size 155complexity 142–3concepts 57, 64–5, 137–65, 216DLLs 143–5, 155–6dynamic loading 143–5, 148–4, 243execution in-place issues 155fragmentation problems 149–50frames 146–7, 159–1, 162–3hardware-offloading issues 156heaps 149, 155, 156–7, 161Linux 143, 162–3logical/physical memory 141–3, 146–54,156–59, 216MMUs 142–62networks 221–2on-demand paging 151–4overlays 144–5page tables 147–54, 159–2pages 146–54, 156, 159–1segmentation 156–59, 161, 162–3smartphones 154–6, 159–2swapping and paging 145–54, 159, 160,163Symbian OS 156, 159–2thrashing problems 152–3TLBs 152–3memory management units (MMUs), concepts142–62memory model, concepts 56–7, 161–2, 227memory-mapped I/O 202–4message manager applications 3–6message type modules (MTMs) 53, 239,241–2, 275–81INDEXmessaging 42–3, 221, 263–84see also BIO; email; fax; SMSattachments 268, 274–5, 278–9characteristics 264–7, 273–5concepts 42–3, 221, 263–84dissected parts 264–7headers 265–71, 273–5, 278–9Linux 264, 281–3manipulation overview 279–80models 267, 273–5, 278–80, 281–2overview 264–7, 279–80protection issues 277–78pull/push model 267, 269, 272receiving overview 279–1, 283send-as messaging interface 276–81sending overview 279–1, 282–3server functions 42–3, 275–81Symbian OS 42–3, 53, 239, 241–2,263–4, 275–81types 263–73microkernelssee also kernelconcepts 20–2, 43, 47–58, 93–4, 104–6,132, 249–62, 277critique 51–2process scheduling criteria 93–4, 104–6telephony 249–62Microsoft Disk Basic system 182Microsoft SQL Server 2000 292–3Microsoft Windows 1, 6, 9, 13–14, 15,18–19, 42, 51, 99–100, 143, 153,170–1, 182–3, 188–9, 190, 2493.1 9195 1, 18398 2882000 71, 191, 302CE 143communication resources 18emulator 162, 251, 302, 303–4evolution 9, 13–14, 19files 42, 170–2, 182–5, 188–9, 190, 223,288handheld systems 15historical background 9, 13–14, 19325idle processes 100kernel 51, 71Mobile 249NT 71, 184–6plug-and-play concepts 6priorities 99–100roots of files 171security issues 288swap-space 153telephony 249threads 71XP 1, 302Microsoft Word 170–1MIDP (Mobile Information Device Profile)306MIMD (multiple instructions, multiple data)distributed systems 221MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)268mini-SD cards 31minidisks see partitionsMISD (multiple instructions, single data)distributed systems 221MIT 8MMUs (memory management units) 142–62Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)306mobile phonessee also smartphones; Symbian OSconcepts 1–16, 42–3, 48, 93–4data requirements 15–16EPOC 10–11, 19, 42, 305file systems 188–9, 193–4focus 4, 42–3historical background 9–11, 15–16,42–3, 247memory management 154–6networks 218, 226–7, 248–9operating systems 2–4, 9–11, 15–16,42–3, 48–58, 93–4real-time systems 16, 56, 93–4resource demands 15–16storage media 177, 211–12text messages 3–6, 15–16326INDEXmobile-phone networks 248–9modems 238, 248–50, 272–3modularity principles 18–19, 22, 231,234–5, 242, 251, 261–2module dependencies, concepts 141Moka5 302monitors, semaphores 119–20monolithic kernelssee also kernelconcepts 20–2, 41, 47–58, 105, 249critique 51Motorola 11mouse 28, 198see also I/Omoving model, memory implementationmodels 161–2MP3s 15–16MPI 220MS-DOS, historical background 8–9, 13,19, 36, 169, 182–3, 188–9MTMs (message type modules) 53, 239,241–2, 275–81MULTICS 8, 12–13, 41multilevel feedback 101multimedia communications 15–16, 43MultiMediaCards 212multiple instructions, multiple data (MIMD)distributed systems 221multiple instructions, single data (MISD)distributed systems 221multiple model, memory implementationmodels 161–2multiple-queuing strategy, process scheduling101, 106multiprogramming concepts 12–13, 15–16,40–1Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)268multitasking operating systems 8, 25,37–38, 40–3, 50–1, 61–88multithreading 25, 41–3, 48–2, 67–88, 212see also threadsbenefits 68–9concepts 25, 41–3, 48–2issues 71–2performance considerations 51–2, 68–9,79, 212mutexes 49, 78, 123–7see also binary semaphores;synchronization operationsconcepts 49, 126–7definition 126mutual-exclusion criteria, critical sections113–16, 126–7MVS, IBM 40–1namesdirectories 171, 179–80files 169, 171, 181, 222–3nanokernelconcepts 48–58, 76–79, 126–7roles 48–9synchronization operations 49, 76–7,126–7nanothreadsconcepts 76–79, 127–28states 77–78NASA 220Network File Services (NFS) 186–7, 189,225, 227networks 1, 3–5, 9–14, 33–38, 39, 42, 93,130–1, 202, 215–28, 231–2see also communications; connectivityabstraction principles 216–27addresses 218–19caches 223–4client–server architecture 11, 14, 93,130–1, 221, 231–2, 235, 237–42,245, 265–68, 275–81closed environments 215–16clustering concepts 220–1, 226–7concepts 11, 14, 33–38, 93, 130–1,215–28, 231–2connection strength 217–18coupling considerations 218, 221denial-of-service attacks 293devices-communication methods 225–7INDEXdistributed systems 13–14, 219–2file systems 222–6influencing criteria 217–19interconnection concepts 217–19message-passing features 42–3, 220–1NFS 186–7, 189, 225, 227performance considerations 223–5powerful tool 215protocols 218–19, 227, 240–4routers 218–19security issues 223–4, 286–7, 293shared memory 221–4shared resources 33–38, 69, 109–36,205, 215–28smartphones 218, 226–7SMB 187, 189, 225sockets 39, 49, 130–2, 225–7, 243–5,261storage-free computers 223–5Symbian OS 226–7topologies 217–19Unix 220new 148–9new hardware, virtual machines 301–2new state, processes 63–4next-hop routing 219NFastMutex 127NFastSemaphore 127NFS (Network File Services) 186–7, 189,225, 227no-starvation criteria, critical sections113–16Nokia 10–11, 247, 249, 255–6, 262, 307non-pre-emptive concepts, process scheduling90–106nonblocking I/O 208–9, 212–13notifications, telephony 254–5NTFS file system 185–6, 305NTP servers 226object code 139–1see also processes327object-oriented approaches 10–11, 42–3,119–20, 275objectssee also abstraction principlesactive objects 73–4, 76–79, 83–6, 132,212–13, 236–7concepts 6–7, 10, 42–3, 48–9, 73–4,76–79, 109concurrently-shared resources 34–5, 42,69, 109–36offsets, segmentation 156–59on-demand paging, memory management151–4ONC RPC 225one-to-one model of kernel threading 71open 42, 187–88, 254–60open operations, files 173, 178, 179open source 41–2, 91, 287, 289open-file tables 179OpenExistingCall 257–60OpenNewCall 257–60operating systemssee also IBM; kernel; Linux; Microsoft .
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