Linguistic course (exams) (638528), страница 3

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Adjoining is a variety of syntactical connection when the dependence of one word upon another is expressed not morphologically but semantically (My room-my rooms, a small room-small rooms). In MoR the mostly spread adjoining is when an adverb is subordinated. Pivotal words may be expressed by different parts of speech:

1. by a verb (твердо усвоен, хорошо написан),

2. by a stative (вполне возможно),

3. by an adjective (почти черный),

4. by an adverb (очень слабо),

5. by a noun (езда шагом).

The Infinitive as well may be subordinated (пошел заниматься, жаль расставаться). Sometimes деепричастие may be subordinated (разговаривая смотрел на собеседника).

№18. The sentence. Its features in ER compare. 3 main ways of word connection in the sentence.

Syntax is closely connected with morphology, but it is an independent part of grammar. It studies word-combinations and sentences. The main features of a sentence: 1) the sentence expresses a complete thought while w-c does not. (Cf: The table is brown. A brown table.); 2) the sentence has a definite intonation and that is why may consist only of one word, while the w-c consists of two or more words; 3) the sentence has a verb in a finite form (Cf: the weather is nice, the nice weather); 4) the sentence expresses predication that is the relation between what is said to reality.

The action may be real, unreal, possible, probable and so on. The action in the sentence may be referred to Present, Past or Future. The w-c in a sentence may be connected in 3 ways: - the lexical way, the grammatical and the phonetical way.

The lexical way is the connection of words according to their lexical meaning (мальчик читать книга – boy read book). Of course, the lexical way is not enough. The given sentences are understandable but they are not expressed grammatically. We don’t know the time of an action; we don’t know the type of the sentence. So, words in a sentence must be connected grammatically. There are 3 main grammatical ways of word connection in a sentence: 1) the forms of words, 2) the form-words and 3) the word order.

1.The forms of words are not typical of the English language, because the morphological system of it is poor. This way is typical of the Russian language. (I/You/We(S/he) read(s) a book, Я читаю, ты читаешь…).

2. The form-words is of a great importance in MoE. It is also wider spread in MoR. Form-words in ER are subdivided into: 1) the determinative form-words (we refer: in English – articles and particles while in Russian – only particles) and 2) connectives (both in ER we refer prepositions and conjunctions).

3. The word-order in MoE is of a great importance. In MoR the word-order in the sentence is rather free. While in English the first place is usually occupied by the subject, the second place is occupied by the Predicate, the third place – by the object, the fourth place – by the adverbial modifier. (Ann sees John - Аня видит Джона. John sees Ann (not equal) Джона видит Аня).

№19. Classification sentences according to the type of communication in ER compare.

Both in English and in Russian sentences may be classified according to: 1) types of communication and 2) structure.

According to the types of communication sentence in both languages are divided into: 1) declarative, 2) interrogative and 3) imperative.

A Declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form. There is a great difference between English and Russian negative sentences. An English sentence may have only one negation while the Russian sentence one may have more than one. (Nobody was late. - Никто не опоздал.) An Interrogative sentence asks a question. In English there are four winds of questions: general, special, alternative and disjunctive. (Do you want…?, Where do you want…?, Do you want …or…?, You want…, don’t you?). Russian interrogative sentence may be divided into 2 groups: 1) Interrogative sentence having no interrogative words, sometimes they may contain such particles as ведь, как, что, неужели, разве, ли, and etc. In such cases they differ from declarative sentence in intonation. (Инженер поехал в Москву? Его здесь нет? Разве он вам писал? Неужели он ушел?); 2) Interrogative sentences having interrogative words, such as кто, что, куда, откуда, почему (Кто пришел? Что вы читаете?). Special attention must be paid to the indirect questions the rules of sequence of tenses must be observed.

Imperative sentences serve to induce a person to do something. They express a command, a request, an invitation, a wish, a demand, a call and so on. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences may be exclamatory when they express a strong emotion (happiness, delight, anger, etc). (What a lovely day it is! How wonderful!) (Москва как много в этом звуке…).

№20. Classification sentences according to the structure in ER compare.

According to the structure sentences are divided into: two-member and one-member sentences. A two-member sentence has two members: the subject and the predicate. (Pete reads. Mary writes.) A two-member sentence may be: complete and incomplete 2 member sentences. The complete has both the subject and the predicate. The incomplete is a sentence then one of the principle parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the sentence. Such sentences are called elliptical. (Where are you going? – To the cinema.) Elliptical sentences are usually met in colloquial speech and dialogues. A one-member sentence is a sentence, which has only one member, which is neither the subject nor the predicate. One member makes the sentence complete. One-member sentences are generally used in description and in emotional speech. If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun and the sentence is called nominal. (Dusk-of the summer night. Зима, крестьянин торжествует). A simple sentence may be extended (has both the principle parts of the sentence and the secondary parts. E.g. Pete reads book everyday.) and unextended (has only the subject and the predicate). Sentences in both languages may be composite. Composite sentences are divided into: compound and complex. A compound is a sentence which consist of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. (The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighting. Прозрачны лес один чернеет…). A complex sentence consist of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. (He steps quicken as he set out from the hotel.) Subordinated clauses may be of different types: subject (Where I am going is unknown), object, predicative (with link-verb), attributive, adverbial.

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