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The lights were on. –Chiroqlar yoqildi.-Свет был включен.
What is on at our cinema?- Kinoteatrda hozir nima ketyapti?- Что идет в нашем кинотеатре?
The children are not up yet. – Bolalar hali turishmadi.-Дети еще не встали.
The prices for foodstuffs were up. – Iste’mol mollari narhi ko’tarildi. -Цены на продовольственные товары повысились.
Your time is up. –Sizga ajratilgan vaqt tugadi.-Ваше время истекло.
Dictionary records a large number of stable word combinations with postpositions: to be about to do smth.- -moqchi (rejalashtirilgan ish harakat)- собираться, намереваться сделать что-л.;
to be up to smth.- boshlab qo’ymoq-замышлять, затевать что-л.;
to be up to smb. – bog’liq bo’lmoq-зависеть от кого-л.,.
to be for (some place) – yo’lga chiqmoq-отправляться, ехать куда-л and so on.
One can notice how wider English to be is used than Uzbek ‘bo’lmoq’ and Russian ‘быть’. This is very evident in a number of cases where Englishmen prefer composite nominal predicate, which consists of copula verb ‘to be’ and an adjective or participle I or II which have the meaning of appropriate verb, to simple verbal predicate. For example:
Still she was hesitant. (instead was hesitating) –U hali ham ikkilanayotgan edi. -Она все еще колебалась.
Не felt that everyone disapproved of Scarlett and was contemptuous of him. (instead contempted him) – U atrofdagilar Skarletni hush ko’rmasliklarini undan esa hazar qilishlarini his qilardi. -Он чувствовал, что все вокруг не одобряют Скарлетт и презирают его.
These visits were disappointing. – Bu tashriflar uni hafsalasini pir qildi.-Эти визиты разочаровывали (ее).
She was shocked and unbelieving. –U dovdirab qoldi va bunga ishonmasdi.-Она была поражена и не верила этому.
Are you insulting, young man? – Siz, yigitcha, meni haqorat qilmoqchimiz?- Вы что, хотите оскорбить меня, молодой человек?
As it is clearly seen from the examples, the combination of the link- verb to be with the adjective or participle I or II is equal to the appropriate verb (ikkilanmoq, hazar qilmoq and etc.), using which we translate the given word combination into Uzbek and Russian.
The usability of this form led to the origin in the speech of such stable word combinations with to be. For example:
I am serious. – Men jiddiy gapiryapman.-Я говорю серьезно.
She was giddy. – Uning boshi aylandi.У нее закружилась голова.
Don't be so literal. – Hamma narsani aytilganday tushinmang.-He понимайте все буквально.
Не was homesick. – U uyini qumsardi.-Он тосковал по дому.
The second, i.e. nominal element of the given type of predicate can be Participle II as well, for example:
She was amazingly well read. – U haddan tashqari ko’p o’qigan edi.- Она была исключительно начитана.
Moreover, fuzzy differentiation of transitive and intransitive verbs broadened the frameworks of using participles II as a part of the second element of the composite nominal predicate, so it has become possible to use in analogous function the participle II of intransitive verbs too, which is found in Uzbek and Russian:
Now, of course, all you gentlemen are well-travelled. – Albatta, janoblar hammalaringiz ko’p syohat qilgansizlar.-Конечно, все вы, джентльмены, много путешествовали.
She is well-connected. – Uning yahshi tanishlari bor. - У нее прекрасные связи.
Не was well-mounted. – Uning yahshi oti bor edi. -У него была прекрасная лошадь.
In spite of the fact that these are passive constructions according to their form, the subject does not designate the object of the action. On should make a slip in speaking that combinations «to be + participle II» from intransitive verbs in the functions of composite nominal predicate are not frequent. Link- verb to be in the combination with the adjective or the participle as a part of composite nominal predicate force out other link- verbs, which are more appropriate by meaning in this or that context: to get, to turn, to grow and so on, which transform dynamics of the action, transmission from one state into another, for example:
She was hot with sudden rage. - Un to’satdan jahli chiqib ketdi. - Ее внезапно охватила ярость.
Rhett's eyes were sharp with interest.- Ret ko’zlarida qiziqish uchqunlari chaqnab ketdi. - В глазах Рета вспыхнул интерес.
He's lived here only since the year we were married. – U bu yerda faqat biz turmush qurganimizdan beri yashamoqda.Он живет здесь лишь с того года, когда мы поженились.
In some cases to be in theses combinations comes with the meaning of the verbs like to keep, to feel and so on:
Suddenly she was sorry for him. – U unga nisbatan achinishni his qildi.- Вдруг она почувствовалажалость к нему.
She was silent a moment.-U bir oz fursat jimlik saqladi.- Она помолчала с минуту.
For a moment she was indignant that he should say other women were prettier, more clever and kind than she. –Bir fursatga u uning boshqa ayollar unga qaraganda go’zalroq, aqilliroq va mehribonroq degan so’zlaridan uzini noqulay sezdi.-На какое-то мгновение она почувствовала негодование оттого, что он сказал, что другие женщины красивее, умнее и добрее ее.
At last we have to stop at the combinations «to be + noun- doer» (player, reader and etc.), formed from the appropriate verb. It transforms constant quality, intrinsic to this man. For example:
Не is a good swimmer. – U yahshi suzadi.-Он хорошо плавает.
What a small eater you are!- Munch ham kam eysan!- Как мало ты ешь!
Stable idiomatic expressions of this type were formed as well:
to be a poor sailor – dengizda uzini yomon his qilmoq- плохо переносить качку на море,
to be a poor correspondent – yozishni yomon ko’rmoq-не любить писать письма,
to be a stranger- biror joyga kamroq borib turmoq- редко бывать где-л.
2. The verb to have
The verb to have like to be is wider according to its meanings then Uzbek verb “ega bo’lmoq” and Russian “иметь”. Potential possibility of action is put in it like the verb to be.
Магу has a pencil in her hand. (together with : Mary is holding a pencil in her hand.) Meri qo’lida qalam ushalb turibdi.-Мэри держит в руке карандаш.
The city has 100,000 inhabitants. -Shahar aholisi 100000 kishini tashkil qiladi.- Население города составляет 100 000 человек.
In such kind of sentences when the subject– acting person is available, the construction ‘there is’ is also possible.
There is a pencil in her hand.
We haven't any coffee in the house. = There isn't any coffee in the house.
However the verb to have can be used not only with the subject, expressed by the noun, denoting person (the meaning of the verb itself – possession- presupposes it), but it can be used in relation to the objects too. In such cases its meaning is identical to the meaning of the construction of ‘there is’, and they are interchangeable. For example:
Some houses had quite wide grass round them. = There was quite wide grass round some houses.
Jack's eager conspirator voice seemed very close to his ear, and it had a kind of caress, a sort of embrace. = ...there was a kind of caress, a sort of embrace in Jack's voice.
To have, analogous with the verb to be, though more seldom, is used as a link-verb in composite predicate. This can be seen in such word combinations with nouns as как to have dinner- tushlik qilmoq- обедать, to have a talk –gaplashmoq-поговорить, to have a quarrel- urishib qolmoq- поссориться, to have a rest- dam olmoq- отдыхать, to have a walk –sayr qilmoq-прогуляться, to have a smoke – chekmoq-покурить, to have a good time- vaqtni yahshi o’tkazmoq хорошо провести время and etc. The verb to have loses its main meaning and serves as only indication for using something only once, committing any limited action.
If one looks carefully at these cases of using the verbs to be and to have and takes into account their active presence in English, then he cannot leave it unnoticed the manifestation of systematic peculiarities of English language. Actually, Englishman can say to rest, but he nevertheless prefers complicated form — to have a rest. The main point is that, in any verb, expressing concrete action and reflecting definite qualitative side of the action or state the quantitative side, the very fact of this action is included. Analytical tendency of English generate the aspiration to separate formal expression of general and concrete, qualitative and quantitative side of these actions. And then, naturally the composite predicate with the verb to have and nominal expression of quality (adjective, participle, noun) replaces the concrete verb.
A number of stable word combinations with the verb to have were formed which are translated into Uzbek and Russian with the help of action verbs in English. For example:
She has a perfect command of English. U Ingliz tilini mukammal egalagan.-Она прекрасно владеет английским языком.
I wish you to have a good time. Sizga vaqtingizni yahshi o’tkazishingizni tilayman. -Желаю вам хорошо провести время (повеселиться).
In conclusion we should state that as the verb to be with adjectives, participles, or nouns acquires the meaning of the appropriate verb, so the verb to have in the combination with the noun is often used instead of simple verbal predicate, expressed by the action verb. For example:
But if they were under the impression that they would get any information out of him he had a notion that they were mistaken.- Но если им казалось, что им удастся выудить из него какие-то сведения, то он считал, что они ошибаются.
Не had a longing to smoke. – Uni juda ham chekkisi kelyapti.-Ему страшно хотелось курить.
But this kind of word combinations is less frequent than with the verb to be.
2.2 Transitivity of verbs in English and the problems of translating them into Uzbek and Russian language
It is significant to note that there is an inner division both in action verbs and the verbs of existence, the division which is stipulated by, as it is called in grammar, the transitivity and intransitivity
Actually, this can be seen between the verbs to be and to have. The first one does not transfer the action to another object, but as if it encloses the action with the subject; the second one must be followed by the object. In all languages- both in analytical and synthetic languages- the meaning of transitivity and intransitivity of the verbs is established as a semantic connection and it goes back to the history of that language. But systematic peculiarities of the languages even to some extent are reflected in their formal possibilities of expressing this meaning. Thus, for example in Russian the fixing up of this or that semantic nuance, semantic direction of the verb is obtained with the help of prefixes and suffixes. Here we can note the formation of intransitive verbs from the transitive verbs with the help of ending -ся: начинать — начинаться, открывать — открываться and etc. In Uzbek language also verbs can be added the endings in order to change their voice and tense. In English (analytical) prefixes and suffixes do not carry out grammatical function on the modern stage; if they are available in the word then they are kept as historically formed parts of it. One can acknowledge the fixed prepositions of the verbs as the outer formal indication of intransitivity (to listen to, for example).
More interesting and significant differences in the matter of transitivity and intransitivity of the verbs between English and Uzbek and Russian in are in the plan of content. So, some transitive English verbs have intransitive verb correspondences in Uzbek and Russian, comp.:
to follow (smb.. smth.)- ergashmoq- следовать за (кем-л., чём-л.)
to approach (smb., smth.)- yaqinlashmoq- приближаться к (кому-л.,
чему-л.)
to watch (smb., smth.)- kuzatmoq- следить за (кем-л., чём-л.)
and vice versa :
to listen to (smb., smth.) - tinglamoq-слушать (кого-л., что-л.)
to wait for (smb., smth.) - kutmoq-ждать (кого-л., чего-л.)
It is obvious, that the possibility of two-fold “solution” of any action (either as transitive or as intransitive) is put in the fact of the connection of the verb with two poles: the bearer of the action and its object. Therefore there cannot be absolute border between transitive and intransitive verbs. Thus the verb to watch can be translated not only as ‘kuzatmoq’ следить, but also as ‘tomosha qilmoq’ наблюдать.
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