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In comparing Uzbek, Russian and English one can note that in English the differentiation of transitive and intransitive verbs is much less tough than in Uzbek and Russian. Thus, in most cases two Uzbek and Russian verbs(transitive and intransitive) have one English correspondence:
Ochmoq (transitive) - to open She opened the door.- U eshikni ochdi
Ochilmoq (intransitive) – to open The door opens easily.- Eshik osonlik bilan ochiladi.
Boshlamoq (transitive) – to begin Will you begin reading?- Uqishni boshla.
Boshlanmoq (intransitive)- to begin Our journey began like this.- Bizning sayohatimz huddi shunday boshlangan.
Tushirib qo’ymoq (transitive) – to drop She dropped her handkerchief.- U ro’molchasini tushirib qo’ydi.
Tushib ketmoq (intransitive) – to drop Another leaf dropped on the ground.- Yana bitta barg yerga tushdi.
Yetishtirmoq (transitive)- to grow They grow rice there. –Ular u yerda sholi etishtirishadi.
Usmoq, ulg’aymoq (intransitive)- to grow Children grow fast.- Bolalar tez ulg’ayishmoqda.
In order to understand why English, usually striving for formal completeness and logical exactness of expressing, in this case it is going along contrary way , we must remember the aspiration of Englishmen to compensate syntactical constraint of their speech with more freedom in morphological and semantic relations. It is obvious, that the rubbing off the borders between transitive and intransitive verbs is one those compensating means, which expand and enrich the opportunities of the language. As a result the broadening of the meaning of many verbs occurs. Here we can also observe the influence of grammatical structure of the language on the character of its lexicon. For example:
She laughed unwillingly, and the laughing reflection under the green hat decided her instantly. U hohlamagan holda kulib yubordi, uning yashil shlyapasi ostidagi kulayotgan chehrasining oynadagi aksi uni qaror chiqarishiga majbur qildi.-Она невольно рассмеялась, и отражение в зеркале ее смеющегося лица под зеленой шляпой моментально заставило ее решиться.
You don't know what a life she led me. – Sizlar uni mening hayotimni do’zzahga aylantirganini bilmaysizlar. Вы не знаете, что за жизнь она мне устроила.
It is typical for English the constructions, in which intransitive verb becomes transitive in causative meaning “kimnidir biror ishni bajarishga majburlamoq”, for example: to fly a plane, to run a pencil and etc. The possibility of this kind of constructions has led to the wide use of laconic and expressive word combinations like: to laugh smb. out of the room (literally.: «ustidan kulib honadan chiqarib yuborish- заставить кого-л. выйти из комнаты, засмеяв его»), to wave the question away (literally.: «savolga javob berishda o’zini olib qochmoq- отмахнуться от вопроса») and etc.
Sometimes the verb- intransitive in its main meaning- becomes transitive in derivative meaning 'biror- bir narsani(fikrni) qaysidir yo’l bilan ifodalamoq-выразить что-л. каким-л. способом', for example:
Не nodded his assent. – U boshini egib uz roziligini berdi- Кивком головы он выразил согласие.
Valentin looked his query at the proprietor. – Valentin savol nazari bilan ho’jainga qaradi.- Валентин вопросительно взглянул на хозяина.
She cried herself to sleep.- U yig’lab –yig’lab uhlab qoldi.- Она так много плакала, что наконец уснула.
Speaking about the verbs of existence, we have already stated that they can be used not only independently but also as a link- verb, proper meaning of which is graded and has become the part of the composite predicate. The same thing can occur with some verbs of action. Such possibility is provided by the circumstance that syntactical tie of these verbs with the following members of the sentence (particularly, their meaning of transitivity and intransitivity) remains much less determined and regulated than that Uzbek and Russian have. The object in the above mentioned examples is the thing which cannot be in reality (literally: ‘savol qaramoq-взглянуть вопрос’, ‘rozilik egmoq -кивнуть согласие»), and this transmits the speech expressive and imagery character. Thus together with the loss of syntactical independence the verb of action undoubtedly expands the semantic opportunities and gains great specific gravity as the center of the entire semantic complex (composite predicate).
Especially flexible in the relation of the category of transitivity-intransitivity are the verbs to look, to sound, to feel and some others. Thus to look has the meaning not only 'qaramoq- смотреть', but also 'ko’rinmoq-выглядеть', and it is not only applied to the acting person and also irrelatively to any person, in impersonal sentences.
Не looks well. – Uning ko’rinishi yahshi-Он хорошо выглядит.
It looks like rain. –Yomg’r yog’sa kerak.Похоже, что будет дождь.
He sounded on edge. – Ovozidan achchiqlanish sezilardi.-Он говорил раздраженно.
It sounds like a good idea to me. Bu fikr menga yahshi tuyulyapti.-Это кажется мне хорошей мыслью.
Не feels well. U o’zini yahshi his qilmoqda.-Он чувствует себя хорошо.
His hands felt so warm and strong, so comfortable to cling to. Uning qo’llari shunchalik illiq va kuchli ediki, unlarga yopishib olish shunchali yoqimli edi.- Руки его были такими теплыми и сильными, к ним так приятно было прильнуть.
How does it feel, my dear, to have the woman you hate stand by you and cloak your sins for you?- Sen yoqtirmagan ayollni seni himoya qilishi va gunohlaringni yashirishga urinishiga , jonim sen qanday qaraysan? Ну, так как тебе нравится, моя милая, что женщина, которую ты ненавидишь, защищает тебя и прикрывает твои грехи?
The same can be applied to the verb to show, which is used not only as transitive in its main meaning 'ko’rsatmoq- показывать', but also as intransitive verb with the meaning 'ko’rinmoq-виднеться', comp.:
Show me the way. Menga yo’lni ko’rsating-Покажите мне дорогу.
Не had rank showing on his shoulders. Uning mansabini pogonlaridan ko’rish mumkin edi.-Его чин можнобыло увидеть на погонах.
Не is drunk. It shows. –U mast. Bun ko’rinib turibdi.- Он пьян. Это видно.
Some transitive verbs can be used in analogous way in the role of reflexive ones: to read, to sell and others.
The book reads well. – Bu kitobni yahshi uqishmoqda.- Эта книга хорошо читается.
Newspapers sell well in the evening.- Gazetalar kechqurunlari yahshi sotiladi.- Вечером газеты хорошо продаются.
It is not accidental that the pair of verbs in Uzbek and Russian: hidlamoq- hid taratmoq-нюхать—пахнут;, ta’m bilmoq- ta’mga ega bo’lmoq- пробовать на вкус—быть... на вкус; ushalb ko’rmoq- his qilmoq-ощущать — быть... на ощупь and etc. are transformed into English not by two appropriate verbs but by one:
Smell these flowers. Mana bu gullarni hidlab ko’r.-Понюхай эти цветы.
The coffee smells good. Qahva hushbo’y hid taratmoqda.-Кофе хорошо пахнет.
Taste the cake. – Pirogdan tatib ko’ring.-Попробуйте пирога.
How much better fresh food tastes than food that has come from tins! – Konserva bankalaridan chiqqan mahsulotlarga qaraganda yangi mahsulotlar qanchalik yahshi ta’mga ega.-Насколько же вкуснее свежие продукты, чем консервы!
These poodles must feel very cold. Bu pudellarga sovuq bo’sa kerak.-Этим пуделям, должно быть, очень холодно.
Her hands felt so soft. Uning qo’llari shunchalik yumshoq ediki.-Руки ее были такими мягкими.
3.2 Predicate as the center of the sentence
As we have already said the predicate in English is factual center, which gravitates all the parts of the sentence. Particularly it is interesting to mark the fixed place of the negation before the predicate, not depending on to which part it belongs by the meaning.
We do not advocate the rights of black Africans in order to drive white Africans. Biz qora Afrikaliklarning huquqini ularni bu yerlardan quvg’in qilish maqsadida himoya qilayotganimiz yo’q.- Мы защищаем права черных африканцев не для того, чтобы изгнать белых африканцев.
"Не wasn't born here," Leo said. "He was born in New York." “U bu yerda tug’ilmagan- dedi Leo.- U Nyu-Yorkda tug’ilgan”- «Он родился не здесь, — сказал Лео. — Он родился в Нью-Йорке».
One can conclude fro here, that in Uzbek and Russian sentence the negation belongs to the word, but in English it belongs to the whole sentence. Consequently, in English the negation is syntactical, and in Uzbek and Russian- morphological.
Indicative example of the fact that in English negative sentence the negation belongs to the entire sentence, not to its separate parts is referring the negation in compound sentence to the main part, though by sense it belongs to the subordinate clause:
I don't think we've been to the theatre for two or three years.- Menimcha biz teatrda 2-3 yil davomida tushmadik.- Думаю, что мы не были в театре в течение двух-трех лет.
"Do you think he'll pay the money back?" "No, I don't
think he will. (...) –Seningcha u pulni qaytaradimi? –Yo’q menimcha u pullarni qaytarmaydi. -Нет, думаю, что не отдаст.
Adverbs of indefinite tense (often, never, ever and etc.) also precede, as a rule, the predicate. We must note that all of the quantitative adverbs, in contrast to the qualitative, which come in the end of the sentence. Only, also being quantitative adverb comes in most cases before the predicate, irrespective of what word of the sentence it (in Uzbek and Russian the place of the adverb ‘faqat- только’ is stipulated by the meaning).
I've only been along this road once. Men bu yo’lad faqat bir marotaba yurganman- Этой дорогой я ездил всего один раз.
It only blooms tonight. Bu faqat bugun kechqurun gulladi.- Он цветет только сегодня ночью.
We can suppose, that taking the preposition to the end in special questions (What are you looking at?) and in the attributive clauses without conjunction at the end of the sentence (The book you are looking for is on my desk) is explained by the gravitation of the preposition to the verb- predicate, which controls this preposition.
But not only qualitative adverbs and prepositions gravitate to the verb –predicate. All kind of determiners belonging to it are also closely connected with it. Thus, in nominal composite predicate, expressed by the combination of the verb «to be + adjective», the modifiers of measure or the quantity are wedged into two components of the predicate- between the link-verb to be and the predicative, which they determine.
The postman was an hour late. –Pochtalon bir soatga kech qoldi.Почтальон опоздал на час.
The snow was three feet deep.- Qor qalinligi uch fut edi.- Снег был глубиной в три фута.
The aspiration to introduce the determiner, which is factual modifier or the object, into the group of is clearly seen in the sentences like:
Не was mountain born. – U tog’da tug’ilgan.- Он родился в горах. (literally: «- Он был горнорожденным».)
Не was house proud. – U o’z uyi bilan g’ururlanadi. -Он гордился своим домом. (literally: «Он был домом гордый».)
Sometimes the group of the predicate can be very large because of adverbial meaning (manner) which it contains. This happens in composite predicates like:
I am horrid to say such things.
I was surprised to find Elliott very spry.
The elements of these composite predicates are closely connected between each other, but while translating them into Uzbek or Russian they have to be torn, breaking to pieces the predicate into predicate and the modifier of manner, or dividing the simple English sentence into the main and subordinate parts.
Bunday narsalani gapitishim juda ham dahshatli.- Ужасно, что я говорю такие вещи.
Eliot o’zini tetik tutayotganligidan men hayron qoldim.-Я был удивлен, что Эллиотт держался так бодро.
The use of such many-componential predicates with the adverbial meaning in English is stipulated by briefness of the means of expression, compactness of English sentence.
Не seemed to recognise her at once. – Bir qarashda u uni birdaniga tanib qolgan degan hayol keladi.-Казалось, он сразу же узнал ее.
I happened to meet him there.- Shunday bo’ldiki, men uni o’has yerda uchratib qoldim.-Случилось так, что я его
там встретил.
She appeared to misunderstand me.- Menimcha, u meni tushunmadi. -По-видимому, она не поняла меня.
As we can see these simple sentences are translated into Uzbek and Russian either by compound sentence or by introductory word.
The close connection of the predicate with the modifier can be seen in other kind of word combinations, which have become common for English, but still keeping its imagery character.
She was stung out of her fear.- Bu uning nafsoniyatiga shunchalik tegdiki, u hattoki qo’rqishni bas qildi.- Это так уязвило ее, что она перестала бояться.
This shocked Mr Campbell into speech. –Bu janob Kempbelni shunchalik hayratlantirib yubordiki, u hatto gapirib yubordi. -Это так потрясло м-ра Кэмпбелла, что он заговорил.
The new situation seemed likely to torture her into desperation. Ishning bunday tus olishi uni qayg’uga botiradi degan hayolga olib keldi.-Изменившееся положение дел, казалось, доведет ее до отчаяния.
In such word combinations the meaning of the modifier of manner is always present.
to frown — humrayib qaramoq- взглянуть исподлобья, глядеть хмурясь
to scowl — jahl bilab qaramoq-сердито смотреть
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