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Ст. преподаватель Е.Л. Рябкова

1 Theoretical aspects of the import activity

1.1 The concept of imports and the main tasks of import activities

Today, imports of goods and services are an integral part of the foreign trade activities of the enterprise. There are some approaches to import definition. Import is defined by the law "About Bases of State Regulation of the Foreign Trade Activity" as import of goods, works, services and results of intellectual activity (including exclusive rights to them) to the Russian Federation without obligation about the return export from abroad. The fact of import is fixed at the time the goods cross the border of the Russian Federation, the receipt of services and the rights of intellectual property [1].

Under the import statistics are understood and taken into account:

• The importation of goods of foreign origin directly from the manufacturer or an intermediary country for personal consumption, for industrial, construction, agricultural and other processes or for recycling inside the country, or for the purpose of export from it;

• The importation of goods from free zones or warehouses ascribed;

• Import of goods for processing under customs control. These are such goods imported into the country for processing to export the finished product containing a given product in processed or modified form. In these cases, as a rule, the importer shall be exempt from payment of customs duty on the import of goods for processing it under customs control.

Re-imports operations occur in the following cases [6]:

a) The buyer returns the rejected goods;

b) The return of goods not sold at auctions, fairs and exhibitions;

c) Returns of goods not sold through consignment warehouses.

According to the method of foreign trade there are direct and indirect imports.

In the direct import, Russian residents buy goods directly from the foreign manufacturer (non-resident) or an intermediary for export abroad. Import transactions are carried out between resident (domestic receiver) and non-resident (supplier) abroad [7].

With indirect import, Russian companies (residents) buy goods from the domestic merchant (separate company), which specializes in import transactions, which in turn receives the goods from foreign producer (non-resident) or exporter (it can also be another resident). Import transaction is carried out through an intermediary. Brokers, dealers, picker, consignees, wholesalers, industrial agents can act the role of the latter. Mediators take on multiple functions implementation goods. For example, they can search for foreign partners, make preparation of documents and the transaction, forwarding operations, credit and financial services and insurance products, after-sales service, market research, marketing, advertising, formalities of customs and other activities.

purchasing importer

Figure 1 below shows a diagram of the participants’ interaction of the import transactions.

Manufactured goods

dealer exporter

Export license

receive

importer

alerts

importer

Ordering goods manufacturer

import license

alerts

receive

importer

secure payment

a passport deal

chartering of transport

issuing orders for freight forwarding and customs cargo declarations

notice of readiness for shipment

confirmation of the willingness to accept the goods

transport agent

product structure

notice for shipment of goods importer

by the buyer for the goods

Calculations with the budget and the creditor

bill paying

Bank seller

Figure 1.1 – The scheme of interaction between participants import transaction

Currently, there are three main types of importers [7]:

1) Carrying out search of production worldwide for its import and sale in domestic market;

2) Engaged in the search for external suppliers in order to obtain products at the cheapest price;

3) Using foreign suppliers as one of links in the commodity chain of deliveries.

In terms of microeconomics import is a form of foreign economic activity of the enterprise; it is a commercial activity of the company related to the purchase and importation of foreign goods for subsequent sale on the domestic market. At the same time imported goods can be both finished products intended for sale, as well as raw materials for processing.

Import activities include the following objectives [7]:

1. Expansion of production, increase in profit due to the development of new domestic markets.

2. Modernization and expansion of productive capacity.

3. Savings on replacement of raw material and equipment more efficient foreign production;

4. Diversification of the national consumer market.

In order to successfully and for a long time to carry out the import operation, it is necessary to choose a reliable provider and carrier. The right choice will be made taking into account a number of factors: a good reputation, years of experience, the implementation of delivery at the lowest cost, and so on.

The ability of the foreign supplier to deliver materials with less overall cost than domestic companies is an important reason for selecting international procurement. The foreign supplier seeks to make and transport products on a long distance, keeping the low level of expenses and using other favorable economic conditions:

1) Large companies aim to reduce labor costs, and the company moved to the countries with the most attractive rates of pay;

2) Abroad the exchange rate may be favorable for the procurement;

3) International suppliers as a production base use new technologies, the automated systems that are more effective, than the processes and the equipment used by the domestic enterprises;

4) International provider may be interested in selling a large volume of products due to changes in the pricing policy.

The level of quality of foreign suppliers by some types of goods is the important reason of implementation of the international purchases. This is due to several factors, such as improved quality control system and the success of the foreign supplier in the motivation of its workforce to perform quality work [8].

Some types of manufactured goods reasonably obtain from foreign suppliers due to the lack of necessary raw materials in the domestic market.

International distributors, using modern transport equipment, ensure continuity of supply and accelerate the delivery of raw materials to customers.

An important factor in selecting foreign manufacturers is to provide warranty service, improved supply of spare parts and technical assistance to customers.

Effective solutions for selecting a power supply are the basis for a sustainable base of procurement of raw materials companies [5].

Supply chain management involves the relationship between the enterprise and its direct supplier. Figure 2 shows the components of customer service: the quality and cost of materials, delivery time and number of proposed materials. The ability of any company to realize the interests of the two sides will largely determine the efficiency of the supply department.

Search for more long-term contracts, the availability of electronic data interchange and constant pursuit of quality, price and service require much closer interaction and communication between employees, customers and vendors companies. Therefore, the key issue is to improve the relations of the enterprise and the supplier.

For greater efficiency of the supplier must be the interaction between the acquirer and the vendor for a long period of time. Thus, the companies concentrate on the optimization of the main suppliers [10].

Experts and managers of supply of the enterprise whose task includes definition of the major factors influencing a choice and development of the relations with the company delivering production are engaged in a choice of sources of purchases. It is necessary to assess the activity of enterprises, employees, the study questions the number of suppliers, their location, size of companies and the ethics of relations with them.

At placement of the order at the unknown and the unchecked supplier the risk is estimated as high. It is necessary to separate the normal and regular purchases of less standard acquisition. The risk is higher when buying unknown materials, products or equipment, while increasing the cost of products. Buyers try to reduce this risk by placing a trial order.

Figure 1.2 – System components Customer Service

An example of a standard situation with repeated purchases is shown in Figure 1.3. If the chosen source of raw materials doesn't satisfy to criteria of service of the client, the staff of the company will consider a question of what supplier to choose for purchases next time. For example, if an order is placed at the supplier C, and it fails to run it, it could mean that as a source of supply will only be considered supplier A.

Knowledge of sources of information on suppliers is the foundation of any effective qualification of the buyer. Common sources of information - are directories, trade journals, various advertisements, directory of suppliers and products, the Internet, releases sales, professional contacts and own catalogs purchasing departments [15].

success

failure

Figure 1.3 – A simplified diagram of a three-stage decision of choosing a supplier

Catalogues distributors contain information on many issues - from a variety of production sources and suggestions to the list of goods that are available from distributors.

Trade magazines are also a valuable source of information about potential suppliers. Such editions, of course, great variety though on each branch there are relevant trade magazines, and buyers often look through the sections concerning transactions in their sector, and also in areas where they make sales or purchases [36].

Trade registers or trade directories are sources in which lists of the main producers, their addresses, number of offices, branches, production and in certain cases their financial position are provided. They also contain a list of the names of the goods on the market with their producers and lists of raw materials and components with the name and address of the supplier. The information in the registers is organized so that it can be searched by type of goods, according to his manufacturer or by product name.

Trade missions are one of the most valuable sources of information about the companies-suppliers, types of products and the overall situation.

Internet and World Wide Web is a fast-growing information database for consumers where there is a huge list of information servers [15].

Specialists in supply consider that it is especially useful to pay visit to suppliers. In this case, purchasing managers can talk to senior management. This helps to develop good relations at all levels and get more information about future plans for the supplier.

Since foreign countries located far from domestic buyers, the task of finding potential suppliers is becoming more difficult than in the selection of local sourcing. However, the buyer uses different sources of information, such as chambers of commerce, located around the world.

Характеристики

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